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Below is a growing list of 139 scientific articles that deal directly or indirectly with canine thyroid carcinoma. The articles are sorted by date with the most recent at the top. A brief description of the article follows the title. To follow a link to the abstract page, click on the title. A link to the source of the article is available by clicking on the journal title on the individual abstract page. |
| 2012/01 Activation of Microbubbles by Short-Pulsed Ultrasound Enhances the Cytotoxic Effect of Cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (Ii) in a Canine Thyroid Adenocarcinoma Cell Line in Vitro Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction has succeeded in delivering drugs and genes. This study was designed to explore characteristics of ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction using short-pulsed diagnostic ultrasound. |
| 2011/11 Review and Hypothesis: Does Graves' Disease Develop in Non-Human Great Apes? Background: Graves' disease, caused by stimulatory thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies, has not been observed in animals. In contrast, Hashimoto's thyroiditis develops in chickens, rats, mice, dogs, and marmosets. Attempts to induce an immune response in mice to the luteinizing-hormone receptor suggested that autoantigen glycosylation was one parameter involved in breaking self-tolerance. Over evolution, TSHR glycosylation increased from three asparagine-linked-glycans (N-glycans) in fish to six N-glycans in humans and great apes. |
| 2011/11 Phase I Evaluation of Sta-1474, a Prodrug of the Novel Hsp90 Inhibitor Ganetespib, in Dogs with Spontaneous Cancer BACKGROUND: The novel water soluble compound STA-1474 is metabolized to ganetespib (formerly STA-9090), a potent HSP90 inhibitor previously shown to kill canine tumor cell lines in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in the setting of murine xenografts. The purpose of the following study was to extend these observations and investigate the safety and efficacy of STA-1474 in dogs with spontaneous tumors. |
| 2011/07 Expression of Thyroid-Specific Transcription Factors in Thyroid Carcinoma, Contralateral Thyroid Lobe and Healthy Thyroid Gland in Dogs Thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroperoxidase (TPO), thyroid specific transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), paired box 8 transcription factor (PAX-8), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) transcripts were determined by real-time PCR in follicular carcinoma and contralateral (CL) lobes, and healthy thyroid canine glands. |
| 2011/07 Comparison of Thyroid Analytes in Dogs Aggressive to Familiar People and in Non-Aggressive Dogs A cross-sectional study was performed in order to examine the association between canine aggression to familiar people and serum concentrations of total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroxine autoantibodies (T4AA), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), triiodothyronine autoantibodies (T3AA), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA). |
| 2011/05 When Normal Is Abnormal: Keys to Laboratory Diagnosis of Hidden Endocrine Disease Although veterinary clinicians commonly rely on panels of laboratory tests with individual results flagged when abnormal, care should be taken in interpreting normal test results as well. There are several examples of this in evaluating patients with endocrine disease. The finding of a normal leukogram (absence of a stress leukogram) can be indicative of adrenal insufficiency in dogs, and this disorder can be especially elusive when there are no overt indicators of mineralocorticoid deficiency. |
| 2011/05 Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor Type 1 Concentrations in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Spontaneous Primary Hypothyroidism Circulating insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in dogs have been correlated with standard breed bodyweight (SBBW or breed size). Thyroid and somatotropic functions, which have common effects and regulatory mechanisms, were investigated in hypothyroid dogs. |
| 2011/05 Ectopic Cervical Thymic Carcinoma in a Dog A 10-year-old male German shepherd dog was referred for evaluation of a cranial cervical mass causing progressively worsening respiratory distress. A fine-needle aspirate of the mass was obtained and the cytology results were compatible with a carcinoma. The dog underwent chemotherapy without clinical improvement and was ultimately euthanased because of clinical deterioration. At post-mortem examination, an irregular multi-lobated mass in the cranial cervical region was observed causing ventro-lateral tracheal deviation. |
| 2011/05 Congenital Hypothyroidism of Dogs and Cats: A Review Congenital hypothyroidism is a rare and underdiagnosed congenital endocrine disorder in dogs and cats and the true incidence is unknown. The disorder may cause a range of clinical signs depending on the primary defect, which affect production of thyroid hormones; some cases present when adult. Hallmark clinical signs of congenital hypothyroidism are mental impairment and skeletal developmental abnormalities, resulting in disproportionate dwarfism; goitre may or may not be present. Documented causes of congenital hypothyroidism in dogs include deficiency of, or unresponsiveness to, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid dysgenesis, dyshormonogenesis and iodine deficiency. In cats, TSH unresponsiveness, thyroid dysgenesis, dyshormonogenesis and iodine deficiency have been confirmed. Adequate replacement therapy results in a successful outcome in the majority of cases, especially when started early in life, as permanent developmental abnormalities can be prevented. This review describes reported cases in dogs and cats, diagnostic investigation, and recommendations for treatment. |
| 2011/05 Canine Hypothyroidism: A Review of Aetiology and Diagnosis Hypothyroidism is recognised as an important endocrine disorder of dogs, and a frequent differential for numerous presenting complaints. Its diagnosis has never been straight forward as results suggestive of hypothyroidism can occur for a variety of reasons in dogs with normal thyroid function (euthyroid). As a consequence, the accurate investigation of hypothyroidism has been hindered by the potential inclusion of a number of cases not truly hypothyroid. |
| 2011/03 Lymphadenopathy Associated with a Thyroid Carcinoma in a Dog Angiomatoid lesions in a lymph node associated with a thyroid carcinoma of a dog were restricted to the subcapsular and medullary sinuses. Lymphoid atrophy was present, but nodal architecture was not distorted and normal structures were not invaded. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that the vascular spaces formed by spindloid cells were lined by endothelium with a low mitotic index. |
| 2010/10 Intracardiac Ectopic Thyroid Adenoma in a Dog |
| 2010/09 Autoantibodies against Thyroid Hormones and Their Influence on Thyroxine Determination with Chemiluminescence Immunoassay in Dogs Autoantibodies against thyroxin (T4AA) and triiodothyronine (T3AA) are present in dogs with autoimmune thyroiditis and have been reported to interfere with immunoassays. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of autoantibodies and to determine whether interference occurs by T4AA, using a non-immunological method (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) for thyroxin (T4) measurement. |
| 2010/08 Non-Invasive Measurement of Thyroid Hormone in Feces of a Diverse Array of Avian and Mammalian Species We developed and validated a non-invasive thyroid hormone measure in feces of a diverse array of birds and mammals. An I(131) radiolabel ingestion study in domestic dogs coupled with High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, showed that peak excretion in feces occurred at 24-48h post-ingestion, with I(131)-labelled thyroid hormone metabolites excreted primarily as triiodothyronine (T3) and relatively little thyroxine (T4), at all excretion times examined. |
| 2010/07 Ultrasonography of Histologically Normal Parathyroid Glands and Thyroid Lobules in Normocalcemic Dogs The purpose of this study is to characterize the sonographic appearance of canine parathyroid glands using high-resolution ultrasonography. |
| 2010/07 Thyroid Cancer in Dogs: An Update Based on 638 Cases (1995-2005) The goal of this study was to update the descriptive statistics of thyroid cancer by using data from multiple institutions collected through the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB). Information was collected and reported from cases of canine thyroid cancer submitted to the VMDB between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2005. |
| 2010/06 Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 2 Expression in Canine Thyroid Tumors The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to determine differentially expressed genes in canine thyroid tumor samples when compared to normal thyroid tissue using microarray analysis and 2) to use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to confirm differential protein expression of one gene that was greater than 10-fold up-regulated via microarray analysis. |
| 2010/06 Effect of Recombinant Human TSH on the Uptake of Radioactive Iodine (123i) by the Thyroid Gland in Healthy Beagles. In human medicine recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) increases the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) allowing radioiodine (131I) dose reduction and higher efficacy in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer and multinodular goiter. It can be expected that rhTSH has a similar effect in dogs. |
| 2010/06 Cardiovascular Manifestations of Iatrogenic Hyperthyroidism in Two Dogs Two dogs were diagnosed with iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis (1 definitive, 1 presumptive). Both showed physical examination findings of agitation, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Sinus tachycardia with supraventricular ectopy was diagnosed in one case, and syncope and atrial flutter was present in the other. |
| 2010/05 Short-Term Effect of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone on Thyroid Volume and Echogenicity in Healthy Beagles In humans, administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) allows radioactive iodine dose reduction and higher efficacy in the treatment of multinodular goiter and thyroid cancer. A similar effect might be expected in dogs with thyroid carcinoma. However, if rhTSH leads to an increase in thyroid volume, it must be used carefully in dogs with large thyroid tumors to avoid compression of key anatomical structures. |
| 2010/02 Multiple Distinct Malignancies in Dogs: 53 Cases Despite the clinical recognition of multiple distinct types of neoplasia in individual dogs, a detailed description of such cases has not recently been published. Canine oncology cases that were diagnosed with multiple, confirmed, distinct malignancies were prospectively collected for analysis. Approximately 3% of 1722 dogs that were presented to the oncology service at the Colorado State University Veterinary Medical Center were diagnosed with multiple distinct primary tumors. |
| 2010/02 Assessment of Criteria Used by Veterinary Practitioners to Diagnose Hypothyroidism in Sighthounds and Investigation of Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Healthy Salukis OBJECTIVE: To assess use of serum thyroid hormone concentrations by veterinarians to diagnose hypothyroidism in sighthounds and to evaluate serum thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy Salukis. |
| 2009/12 Systemic Hypertension in a Dog with a Functional Thyroid Gland Adenocarcinoma Case Description-A 12-year-old 21.9-kg (48.48-lb) spayed female Alaskan Malamute with a long-term history of panting, polydypsia and polyuria, weight loss, hind limb weakness, and a decrease in appetite was evaluated for hypertension. |
| 2009/07 Imaging Diagnosis-Acquired Goitrous Hypothyroidism Following Treatment with Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole |
| 2009/07 Effect of Thyroxine Supplementation on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Hypothyroid Dogs BACKGROUND: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is decreased in humans with hypothyroidism, but information about kidney function in dogs with hypothyroidism is lacking. |
| 2009/07 Comparison of 2 Doses of Recombinant Human Thyrotropin for Thyroid Function Testing in Healthy and Suspected Hypothyroid Dogs Various protocols using different doses of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) in TSH stimulation testing have been described. However, the influence of TSH dosage on thyroxine (T4) concentration has not yet been evaluated in suspected hypothyroid dogs. |
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2009/05
Ectopic Thyroid Carcinoma Causing Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in a Dog A 9-year-old Bouvier des Flandres was presented with coughing, lethargy, chylous pleural effusion, and a heart murmur. An echocardiogram revealed the presence of an intracardiac mass causing right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry identified the tumor as an ectopic thyroid carcinoma. |
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2008/07
Intracardiac Ectopic Thyroid Carcinosarcoma in a Dog A 13-year-old spayed female Labrador Retriever with a 1-year history of progressive exercise intolerance was diagnosed with an interventricular mass in the heart via echocardiogram. |
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2008/05 |
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2008/01 |
| 2007/12 Use of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone for Thyrotropin Stimulation Test in Healthy, Hypothyroid and Euthyroid Sick Dogs Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) was evaluated for the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism, using TSH response tests. |
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2007/07
Thyroid Tumors in Dogs and Cats The clinical presentation and biologic behavior of thyroid tumors vary widely among dogs, cats, and human beings. Although thyroid tumors in dogs are rare, they are most likely to be malignant. |
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2007/07 |
| 2007/07 Testing for Hypothyroidism in Dogs Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrinopathy in the dog. Rather than being a comprehensive review of all possible thyroid function tests, the focus in this article is on the logical progression of test choice, highlighting total thyroxine, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin (TSH), and antithyroid antibodies. This article includes extensive discussion of the current status of the canine TSH assay and the potential for improving this assay. |
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2007/07
Nuclear Imaging and Radiation Therapy in Canine and Feline Thyroid Disease The indications, techniques, and expectations for radionuclide diagnostic studies on canine and feline thyroid glands are presented. |
| 2007/07 External Beam Radiation Therapy for Thyroid Cancer in the Dog |
| 2007/07 Etiopathologic Findings of Canine Hypothyroidism The causes of canine hypothyroidism are varied, but most cases result from irreversible acquired thyroid pathologic changes and only a small proportion arise from congenital anomalies of the thyroid gland or pituitary. |
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2007/07 |
| 2007/07 Cardiovascular and Renal Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism In the simplest terms, hyperthyroidism is the clinical syndrome that results from an excess of thyroid hormones. This review considers the effects of hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular and renal systems by reviewing the available literature on the clinical manifestations of this syndrome in the cat and also considering experimental studies and experience in other species, including human beings. |
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2007/07 |
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2007/05
Hyperthyroidism Due to an Intrathoracic Tumour in a Dog with Test Results Suggesting Hyperadrenocorticism The elevated urinary corticoid/creatinine ratios of an 11-year-old Jack Russell terrier with polyuria were suppressible in a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, which was suggestive of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. |
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2007/05 |
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2007/04
Multiple Metastases of Thyroid Cancer in the Cranium and Pituitary Gland in Two Dogs Two dogs, a 14-year-old, female American Eskimo dog and a 14-year-old, male Maltese dog, were presented with thalamic syndromes, including lowered levels of consciousness, poor postural responses and presence of masses in the neck region. |
| 2007/02 Tertiary Hypothyroidism in a Dog : A nine-year-old male entire Labrador was diagnosed with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Following seven months of successful mitotane therapy, the dog presented with marked weight gain, seborrhoea and alopecia. Routine clinicopathological analyses revealed marked hypercholesterolaemia. |
| 2007/01 Hypothyroidism and Myxedema Coma Hypothyroidism is a common endocrinopathy in dogs but is rare in cats. Lymphocytic thyroiditis and idiopathic thyroid atrophy are common causes of this condition. Specific thyroid function tests, in conjunction with clinical signs and physical examination findings, are used to help confirm a diagnosis of hypothyroidism.This disease can be managed with synthetic hormone supplementation and has an excellent prognosis. Myxedema coma is a rare and potentially fatal manifestation of severe hypothyroidism that can be successfully treated using intravenous levothyroxine. |
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2007/01
Functional Thyroid Gland Adenoma in a Dog Treated with Surgical Excision Alone An 11-year-old male Golden Retriever presented with progressive weight loss, tachycardia, hyperthermia, polyuria and polydipsia. |
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2006/11 |
| 2006/09 Update on Drugs Used to Treat Endocrine Diseases in Small Animals Drug therapy for the endocrine system is implemented to replace a hormone deficiency or to prevent or reduce the formation or effects of excess hormone. Treatment of endocrine disorders covers diseases of the pituitary, adrenal, parathyroid, and thyroid glands as well as the endocrine pancreas. This article focuses on new therapies currently available for specific diseases. |
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2006/08
Sodium Iodide I 131 Treatment of Dogs with Nonresectable Thyroid Tumors: 39 Cases (1990-2003) OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome for dogs with nonresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with sodium iodide I 131 and identify factors associated with outcome. |
| 2006/07 Comparison of the Biological Activity of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone with Bovine Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Evaluation of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Healthy Dogs of Different Breeds OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether use of recombinant human (rh) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) induces equivalent stimulation, compared with bovine TSH (bTSH), and to evaluate activity of rhTSH in dogs of various large breeds. |
| 2005/09 Results of Diagnostic Investigations and Long-Term Outcome of 33 Dogs with Brain Infarction (2000–2004) Medical records of 33 dogs presented for acute onset, nonprogressive, intracranial dysfunction that had a magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of brain infarction were reviewed. Postmortem confirmation of brain infarction was available in 10 dogs. All dogs were evaluated by CBC, serum biochemistry, thyroid and adrenal testing, urinalysis, thoracic and abdominal imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. |
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2005/05 |
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2005/04
Radioiodide (131I) Therapy for the Treatment of Canine Thyroid Carcinoma OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of radioactive iodine treatment (131I) for canine thyroid carcinoma, as both the sole therapeutic modality and as an adjunct to surgery. |
| 2005/03 Intra- and Interobserver Variability of Ultrasonographic Measurements of the Thyroid Gland in Healthy Beagles The repeatability of ultrasonographic measurements of the canine thyroid gland was evaluated. The variability of three different parameters (the maximal length, width, and height) within observer, between observer and between dogs was assessed based on three different measurements made by each of three observers infive healthy beagle dogs. |
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2005/01 |
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2004/11 |
| 2004/03 Treating Thyroid and Parathyroid Neoplasia in Dogs and Cats Once a diagnosis of neoplasia of the thyroid gland is suspected or confirmed, a variety of treatments are available for dogs and cats. In this article, we first review the available therapeutic options for thyroid neoplasia in dogs and cats. We then describe therapy for parathyroid neoplasia, which is less common in both species. We include, where it is known, the survival rates for each of the treatments and the most common side effects or complications. Even if your practice does not offer the treatments we describe, you can explain them to clients and offer to refer patients to facilities that do provide them. |
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2003/09 |
| 2003/08 Endocrine Diseases in Dogs and Cats: Similarities and Differences with Endocrine Diseases in Humans Over several millennia, humans have created hundreds of dog and cat breeds by selective breeding, including fixation of mutant genes. The domestic dog is unique in the extent of its variation in height, weight and shape as well as its behavior. It is primarily the relatively long persistence of high levels of growth hormone (GH) release at a young age that accounts for the large body size in giant breeds of dogs. Several of the endocrine diseases of humans are also known to occur as similar entities in dogs and cats. |
| 2003/05 Total Thyroxine Testing: Comparison of an in-House Test Kit with Radioimmuno- and Chemiluminescent Assays Endocrine testing of dogs and cats is commonplace in clinical practice. Feline hyperthyroidism and canine hypothyroidism comprise the most frequently encountered endocrinopathies for each species, and measurement of serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations has become a valuable screening tool for the differential diagnosis of these disorders. The current study was designed to compare the serum TT4 concentrations measured using a validated in-clinic assay (SNAP T4t, IDEXX Laboratories Inc.) with the TT4 concentrations measured using 2 validated commercial laboratory technologies; radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Coat-a-Countt, Diagnostic Products Corp) and chemiluminescence (Immulitet, Diagnostic Products Corp.). |
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2003/04 |
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2002/03 |
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2002/02 |
| 2001/09 Endocrine Tumors Because of the diverse nature of endocrine organs, and their vast range of physiologic functions, endocrine tumors encompass a wide range of origination sites and disease entities. The clinical picture of affected individuals is highly dependent on the tissue of origin, and the presence or absence of functional hormone secretions. Identification, localization, and therapeutic strategies, as well as prognosis can vary greatly. Many endocrine tumors have been described in human as well as veterinary patients. This article focuses on endocrine tumors of dogs and cats. Various tumors affecting the pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands are described, including insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, and thyroid carcinoma, as well as parathyroid hormone- and growth hormone-secreting tumors. The syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia is also described. |
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2001/09
Definitive Radiation Therapy for Infiltrative Thyroid Carcinoma in Dogs The medical records of eight dogs with histopathologically confirmed infiltrative thyroid carcinoma treated with external beam radiation were reviewed and a retrospective analysis of survival and local tumor control were performed. This study suggests that fractionated, definitive radiation therapy using multiple, moderate doses of radiation is an effective treatment for local control of invasive thyroid carcinoma in dogs. |
| 2001/03 Thyroid Function Tests--What Do They Really Tell Us? |
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2000/08 |
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2000/06
Prognostic Factors and Patterns of Treatment Failure in Dogs with Unresectable Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas Treated with Megavoltage Irradiation OBJECTIVE: To determine quality and duration of progression-free survival (PFS) time in dogs with unresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with definitive megavoltage irradiation and analyze prognostic factors of PFS and patterns of failure (local recurrence vs metastasis). Improvements in local tumor control alone may be insufficient to improve survival times because of the high risk of metastatic spread before an initial diagnosis is made, which warrants initiation of early systemic treatment. |
| 2000/03 Use of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone for Thyrotropin Stimulation Test in Euthyroid Dogs The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) on serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentration in euthyroid dogs. |
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1999/05
Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Invasive Thyroid Carcinoma in Dogs: A Retrospective Analysis of Survival Thirteen dogs with invasive thyroid carcinoma (WHO classification T2b or T3b) seen between January 1991 and October 1997 were treated by external beam irradiation. The present series indicates that radiation therapy should be considered an important modality for the control of invasive thyroid carcinoma in the dog. |
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1998/07
Ultrasonography of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands High-resolution thyroid and parathyroid ultrasonography can play an integral part in the diagnosis and management of patients with clinically undifferentiated cervical masses, thyroid carcinomas or adenomas, and primary parathyroid hyperplasia or neoplasia. |
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1998/07 |
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1998/03 |
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1997/11 |
| 1997/07 Validation of Nonradioactive Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Methods for the Analysis of Thyroxine and Cortisol in Blood Samples Obtained from Dogs, Cats, and Horses The performances of a radioimmunoassay method, a chemiluminescent immunoassay method, and a chemiluminescent-enzyme immunoassay method were evaluated for the analysis of cortisol and total thyroxine in blood samples obtained from dogs, cats, horses, and humans (reference samples). The analysis of cortisol in human and animal samples exhibited good precision, linearity, and recovery. |
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1997/07
Quantitative 99mtc-Pertechnetate Thyroid Scintigraphy in Normal Beagles This study was done to investigate the validity of published canine thyroid/salivary (T/S) ratios of approximately 1 in normal dogs and to determine thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate (pertechnetate) measured as percent uptake of injected dose. |
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1997/04
Non-Neoplastic and Neoplastic Thyroid Disease in Beagles Irradiated During Prenatal and Postnatal Development To evaluate the lifetime hazards of exposure to ionizing radiation, 1,680 beagles received whole-body exposures to 60Co gamma rays or sham exposures during development. In 1,343 dogs allowed to live out their life span, heritable lymphocytic thyroiditis with hypothyroidism was a major contributor to mortality. Hypothyroid dogs had a significantly increased risk for thyroid neoplasia, including greater risk for carcinomas, but no evidence of a greater sensitivity to radiation-induced tumors. In dogs with normal thyroid function irradiated at 2 or 70 days of age there was increased risk for benign and malignant follicular cell neoplasms, including multiple neoplasms. These findings related to age sensitivity in the dog were consistent with the high risk for radiogenic thyroid neoplasia in humans after exposure during early childhood. |
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1996/12
Horner's Syndrome Associated with a Functional Thyroid Carcinoma in a Dog A seven-year-old entire male Irish setter was presented because of a neck mass, prolapse of the third eyelid and apparent drooping of the upper eyelid. Historical findings included increased appetite as well as polyuria and polydipsia for about two weeks. The most remarkable findings on physical examination were right-sided Horner's syndrome, pre-scapular lymphadenopathy and a large, ventral cervical mass. Histopathological examination of the tumour revealed follicular thyroid carcinoma and confirmed widespread pulmonary metastasis. |
| 1996/11 A Case Report and Review: The Gross, Histological and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of a Carcinoma of Ectopic Thyroid in a Dog Neoplasms of the canine thyroid gland represent 5-10% of heart base masses (Capen, 1978). Ectopic thyroid tissue is detected most commonly in the thorax, with 23-80% of all dogs having ectopic tissue at the base of the heart (Leav et al., 1976; Walsh & Diters, 1984). |
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1996/09
Trisomy 18 in a Canine Thyroid Adenoma A canine thyroid adenoma showing trisomy 18 as the sole clonal cytogenetic abnormality (9 of 30 analyzed metaphases) is reported. |
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1996/09
Associations between Lymphocytic Thyroiditis, Hypothyroidism, and Thyroid Neoplasia in Beagles The thyroids were evaluated in 276 control Beagles that were allowed to live out their full life span (mean = 12 years) in a closed breeding colony. Lymphocytic thyroiditis was found in 26.3% of the dogs. One or more follicular adenocarcinomas were present in 15 of the 44 (34.1%) hypothyroid dogs but in only 16 of the 232 (6.9%) euthyroid dogs. The strong association between progressive lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and thyroid follicular neoplasia in these Beagles probably relates to promotion of residual follicular epithelium by chronic excess thyrotropin stimulation. |
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1995/09
Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in 7 Dogs Utilizing 131-I Seven dogs with thyroid gland carcinoma were treated with 131I and hormone suppressive therapy either alone (3 dogs) or in combination with surgery (3 dogs) or 137Cs teletherapy and chemotherapy (1 dog). |
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1995/07
A Comparison of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Thyroid Adenocarcinoma in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 38 Cases The medical records of 38 dogs with thyroid neoplasia that were treated by surgical excision of the tumor, or had an incisional biopsy performed as a diagnostic procedure, were reviewed. Medullary thyroid carcinoma may possess gross and histological characteristics of a less malignant nature when compared with other thyroid carcinomas. |
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1995/04
Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma in Dogs by Surgical Resection Alone: 20 Cases (1981-1989) Of 82 dogs with thyroid carcinoma seen between January 1981 and October 1989, 20 had freely movable tumors without evidence of metastasis and were treated with surgical excision alone. Long-term survival is possible following surgical removal of mobile thyroid carcinomas in dogs. |
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1994/09
The Canine P53 Gene Is Subject to Somatic Mutations in Thyroid Carcinoma In many different types of tumors in man and mouse, p53 is the tumor suppressor gene most frequently affected by a combination of somatic mutation and loss of the wildtype allele. These results suggest that p53 plays a role in the development of malignancy in the dog, in a way comparable to that in man. |
| 1994/08 Ultrasonographic Examination of Cervical Masses in the Dog and Cat The ultrasonographic appearance of clinically undifferentiated neck masses for which a definitive diagnosis was eventually obtained in nineteen dogs and one cat is presented in this report. |
| 1994/07 Immunity and the Endocrine System In conclusion, interaction between the immune and endocrine systems is highly complex. Generally, abnormalities of T suppressor cells, a result of HLA antigen genetic abnormalities, result in autoimmunity that causes endocrine gland destruction and hormone deficiency, as seen in lymphocytic thyroiditis of dogs, type I DM, hypoparathyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, and APS. On the other hand, endocrine deficiency (hypothyroidism, DM) or excess (hyperadrenocorticism) states may cause abnormalities of cell-mediated and antibody-associated immunity, leading to susceptibility to a variety of viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. It is hoped that this article sheds some light on the complex and highly integrated endocrine-immune interactions. |
| 1994/05 Update on Diagnosis of Canine Hypothyroidism Until a clinically useful canine TSH assay is available, a valid test of thyroid hypofunction should (1) take into consideration valid (or at least predictive) measurement of the free T4 concentration in order to factor out the binding effects of drugs and nonthyroidal illness, and (2) should assess thyroid functional reserve. |
| 1994/05 Thyroid Hormone Metabolism. A Comparative Evaluation Knowledge of thyroid hormone and iodide metabolism is derived from a combination of in vivo and in vitro studies in a variety of mammalian species including cats, dogs, and humans. Each species provides a unique opportunity to investigate various aspects of normal or altered thyroid hormone physiology. Availability of sensitive and specific human TSH assays has allowed detailed studies of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis which have not been possible in cats and dogs to date. |
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1994/05 |
| 1994/05 Reproductive Manifestations of Thyroid Disease Thyroid function and reproductive function have many interactions, the scope and mechanism of which are not fully understood. These functions are of greatest clinical importance for veterinarians working with breeders of purebred dogs. Thyroid dysfunction does not always result in clinical signs of reproductive disorders or in subfertility. It seems that animals with overt thyroid dysfunction are those most likely to manifest reproduction problems. |
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1994/05
Nuclear Medicine of the Thyroid Gland. Scintigraphy and Radioiodine Therapy Nuclear medicine may have both diagnostic and therapeutic utility during the evaluation and management of thyroid disease. |
| 1994/05 Neurologic Manifestations of Thyroid Disease Animals with polyneuropathy associated with primary hypothyroidism have clinical neurologic signs that range from peripheral vestibular signs, lower motor neuronal deficits, laryngeal paralysis, to megaesophagus; however, a few affected animals also show evidence of a more generalized polyneuropathy with cranial (facial more than vestibular nerve) and spinal nerves being affected most commonly. |
| 1994/05 Etiopathogenesis of Canine Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism in dogs usually results from a progressive destruction of the thyroid, associated with either lymphocytic thyroiditis or idiopathic atrophy. Both syndromes seem to occur with approximately equal frequency. Lymphocytic thyroiditis, which resembles Hashimoto's thyroiditis in humans, is probably an autoimmune disease, and patients often show thyroid autoantibody titers in circulation. By contrast, the pathogenesis of idiopathic atrophy is unclear, and the thyroid seems simply replaced by adipose and connective tissue. |
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1994/05 |
| 1994/05 Effects of Thyroid Hormone and Thyroid Dysfunction on the Cardiovascular System Thyroid disease is common in veterinary practice. The heart, especially the myocardium, is sensitive to thyroid hormone, and deficiencies or excesses can alter cardiovascular function. Observed changes result from direct effects upon the myocardium and indirect effects that result from effects upon the vasculature and peripheral tissues. |
| 1994/03 Hypothyroidism in a Dog after Surgery and Radiation Therapy for a Functional Thyroid Adenocarcinoma Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a dog which had undergone unilateral thyroid lobectomy and external beam irradiation (48 Gy in 3 Gy fractions) for a functional cystic thyroid adenocarcinoma. |
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1994/03 |
| 1993/12 Altered Platelet Indices in Dogs with Hypothyroidism and Cats with Hyperthyroidism Changes in platelet indices (platelet count and platelet size) and PCV associated with thyroid disease were studied in 7 dogs with hypothyroidism and 21 cats with hyperthyroidism that were admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital. |
| 1993/04 Canine Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with Unusual Distant Metastases |
| 1993/03 The Insensitivity of 99mtc Pertechnetate for Detecting Metastases of a Functional Thyroid Carcinoma in a Dog This report describes the use of 99mtechnetium pertechnetate (99mTcO4−) and 131[for imaging of a metastatic thyroid carcinoma in a dog. The 131] imaging showed metastatic lesions undetected by the 99mTcO4− imaging on 2 separate occasions. The possible mechanisms for the discrepancies between 131I and 99mTcO4− imaging of thyroid carcinomas are discussed. The use of 131I for the imaging of functional thyroid carcinomas in the dog is recommended. |
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1992/03
Thyrotrophin Receptors in Normal and Neoplastic (Primary and Metastatic) Canine Thyroid Tissue Thyrotrophin (TSH) is the conditional growth factor of thyroid epithelial cells. Abnormalities in TSH-receptor binding such as a low receptor number or low binding affinity may be a marker of thyroid carcinoma or metastases, or may exhibit a relationship with the functional variability of such tissues. |
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1991/09
Immunocytochemistry of Canine Thyroid Tumors Immunocytochemical studies using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method with commercial antibodies against thyroglobulin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), somatostatin, and neurotensin were performed on 38 Bouin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine thyroid tumors obtained from necropsy and surgical files from 2 Ecoles Nationales Veterinaires (Alfort and Nantes, France) and from the Laboratoire d'Histo-Cytopathologie Veterinaire, Maisons-Alfort (France). |
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1991/09
Flow-Cytometric DNA Ploidy Analysis in Primary and Metastatic Canine Thyroid Carcinomas DNA ploidy was measured by flow cytometry in 36 primary malignant thyroid neoplasms (including 6 bilateral tumours which were considered as separate neoplasms) from 30 dogs. From the strikingly high frequency of hypodiploidy in canine tumours, it is concluded that ploidy evolution in canine neoplasms may differ from that in human tumours. |
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1991/09
Circulating Thyroglobulin Measurements by Homologous Radioimmunoassay in Dogs with Thyroid Carcinoma Circulating thyroglobulin was measured in 20 dogs with thyroid cancer, using a homologous polyclonal radioimmunoassay. It is concluded that measurement of plasma Tg levels might be useful for monitoring the postoperative course of the disease in individual dogs with thyroid cancer. |
| 1991/08 The Radiographic Appearance of Canine Congenital Hypothyroidism: Skeletal Changes with Delayed Treatment Congenital hypothyroidism was diagnosed in five Boxer dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between 1978 and 1979. Congenital hypothyroidism was confirmed by serum T3 and T4 radioimmunoassay and TSH stimulation test. Serial radiographs made before and after L-thyroxine oral supplementation were studied retrospectively to evaluate the resolution of skeletal abnormalities and to compare skeletal with chronological age. |
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1991/07
Hyperthyroidism Associated with a Thyroid Adenoma in a Dog Hyperthyroidism associated with thyroid adenoma was diagnosed in a dog. Typical clinical signs of hyperthyroidism were resolved with surgical excision of the adenoma. Hyperthyroidism in dogs usually is associated with thyroid carcinoma, which has a poor prognosis. This case emphasizes the importance of obtaining a histologic diagnosis of thyroid tumors in hyperthyroid dogs before giving a prognosis. |
| 1991/06 Thyroidectomy and Parathyroidectomy in the Dog and Cat Thyroidectomy has become a fairly common surgical procedure in small animals because of the increasing incidence of thyroid tumors. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland can be routine or quite challenging, depending on the species (cat vs. dog) and the size and aggressiveness of the tumor. |
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1991/05
Gross, Histologic, Cytochemical, and Immunocytochemical Study of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in Sixteen Dogs The gross, histomorphologic, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical findings in 16 dogs with medullary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated. |
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1991/05
Characterisation of Complex Karyotype Changes in a Canine Thyroid Adenoma A 14-year-old German shepherd dog developed an alveolar adenoma of the thyroid. |
| 1990/12 Problems and Complications Associated with Endocrine Surgery in the Dog and Cat Complications associated with endocrine surgery involving the pancreas, adrenal, parathyroid, thyroid, or pituitary glands are relatively common and relate to technical difficulties associated with the surgical procedure and pathophysiologic alterations associated with the specific endocrine disease. Appropriate preoperative assessment, proper surgical technique, and recognition and management of postoperative complications are necessary for successful surgical results. |
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1990/12
Metastatic Thyroid Solid-Follicular Carcinoma in the Cervical Portion of the Spine of a Dog A metastatic thyroid solid-follicular carcinoma in the cervical portion of the spine was responsible for severe tetraparesis in a dog. Myelography revealed an extradural compressive lesion dorsal and to the right of the midline of C3. Histologic examination was used to diagnose the mass as a solid-follicular thyroid carcinoma. The primary tumor was not evident on cervical palpation or radiography. A dorsal laminectomy centered over C3 was performed, and all visible tumor was removed from the spine. The owner declined any further treatment for the dog. |
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1989/12
Surgical Excision of Ectopic Thyroid Carcinoma Involving the Base of the Tongue in Dogs: Three Cases (1980-1987) Localized thyroid carcinoma involving the base of the tongue was diagnosed in 3 dogs examined because of a midline cervical mass rostroventral to the larynx. |
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1989/09
Thyroid Neoplasms in a Colony of Beagle Dogs The histologic, clinicopathologic, and epidemiologic features of spontaneous thyroid neoplasms were evaluated in a control population of Beagle dogs. |
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1989/05 |
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1989/01 |
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1986/05
Clinical and Pathologic Features of Thyroid Tumors in 26 Dogs Thyroid tumors were diagnosed in 26 dogs between 1977 and 1984. A total of 23 of the 26 tumors were carcinomas, and 3, detected as incidental findings at necropsy, were adenomas. |
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1986/03
Aortic Body Tumour with Adjacent Ectopic Thyroid Tissue in a Dog A 12-year-old neutered male Husky dog had a neoplasm at the base of the heart which did not invade surrounding tissues. The possible differential diagnoses for the neoplasm were aortic body tumour, ectopic thyroid tumour and ectopic parathyroid tumour; the ultrastructural characteristics revealed it to be an aortic body tumour. |
| 1984/11 Canine and Feline Thyroid Function Assessment with the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Response Test A canine and feline pituitary-thyroid function test based on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation of endogenous thyrotropin is described. Serum thyroxine is measured before and after stimulation with TRH. A positive response to TRH indicated a functionally intact pituitary-thyroid axis. |
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1984/03
Thyroglobulin and Calcitonin Immunoreactivity in Canine Thyroid Carcinomas Although thyroid gland neoplasms are well-recognized entities in dogs, the diagnosis and classification of these tumors often is difficult. In contrast to human thyroid carcinomas, which are predominantly of the papillary or follicular types, a relatively high proportion of the canine tumors contain compact cellular areas and resemble, to some extent, medullary thyroid carcinomas. |
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1982/05
Radioisotope Imaging for the Evaluation of Thyroid Neoplasia and Hypothyroidism in a Dog An 11-year-old dog was diagnosed as having concurrent unilateral follicular thyroid carcinoma and hypothyroidism. |
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1980/06
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in the Diagnosis of Canine Thyroid Carcinoma In 11 dogs with thyroid carcinomas there was a good correlation between cytological results of fine needle aspiration biopsy and histological findings. |
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1978/09
Canine Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid An 8-year-old male Irish Terrior dog and a male St. Bernard dog each had a thyroid medullary carcinoma. |
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1977/11
Naturally Occurring Parafollicular Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid in Dogs. A Histological and Ultrastructural Study Seven cases of parafollicular cell carcinoma in dogs were seen. The diagnosis was based on histological and ultrastructural similarities between neoplastic and normal parafollicular cells. |
| 1976/04 Adenomas and Carcinomas of the Canine and Feline Thyroid |
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1975/10
Canine Thyroid Neoplasms: Epidemiologic Features A retrospective study of medical records from twelve veterinary university hospitals-clinics yielded 144 dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of a thyroid neoplasm (25 adenomas and 119 carcinomas). Three breeds (beagle, boxer, and golden retriever) had a significantly greater risk for thyroid carcinoma than did all dogs combined, whereas miniature and toy poodles had a low risk. |
| 1973/01 The Thyroid Gland--a Review
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| 1963/01 Functioning Adenocarcinoma of the Thyroid Gland in a Dog with Mitral Insufficiency |
| 1959/11 Clinical Applications of the Thyroidal I131 Uptake Test in a Dog |
| 1958/02 The Clinico-Pathological Aspect of Thyroid Disease in the Dog and Cat |
