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Below is a growing list of 186 scientific articles that deal directly or indirectly with Nuclear Medicine Imaging in veterinary medicine. The articles are sorted by date with the most recent at the top. A brief description of the article follows the title. To follow a link to the abstract page, click on the title. A link to the source of the article is available by clicking on the journal title on the individual abstract page. |
| 2012/12 Scintigraphic Thyroid Volume Calculation in Hyperthyroid Cats A successful, euthyroid outcome after radioiodine therapy in hyperthyroid cats ranges from 83% to 95%. Thyroid volume has been reported as one of the factors influencing radioiodine therapy outcome in man and cats. |
| 2012/09 Thyroid Scintigraphy Findings in 1,572 Cats with Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid scintigraphy provides valuable information regarding both thyroid anatomy and physiology and plays an integral role in the diagnosis, staging, and management of feline thyroid disease. |
| 2012/09 Hyperthyroid Summit: Therapy of Hyperthyroid Cats with Large Thyroid Masses Despite more than 30 years of investigation, and strong clinical suspicions of an environmental and/or dietary mechanism, the exact etiology of feline hyperthyroidism remains elusive. The pathophysiologic basis for the disease is comparatively much better defined. |
| 2012/09 Hyperthyroid Cats on Long-Term Medical Treatment Show a Progressive Increase in the Prevalence of Large Thyroid Tumors, Intrathoracic Thyroid Masses and Suspected Thyroid Carcinoma Thyroid scintigraphy provides valuable information regarding both thyroid anatomy and physiology and plays an integral role in the diagnosis, staging, and management of feline thyroid disease. In this study, we performed thyroid imaging on 1,572 consecutive hyperthyroid cats that were referred for radioiodine therapy between January 2009 and December 2011. |
| 2012/08 Scintigraphic Thyroid Volume Calculation in Hyperthyroid Cats A successful, euthyroid outcome after radioiodine therapy in hyperthyroid cats ranges from 83% to 95%. Thyroid volume has been reported as one of the factors influencing radioiodine therapy outcome in man and cats. |
| 2012/06 Use of Samarium Sm 153 Lexidronam for the Treatment of Dogs with Primary Tumors of the Skull: 20 Cases (1986-2006) Objective-To evaluate samarium Sm 153 lexidronam ((153)Sm-EDTMP) as a treatment option for dogs with bony tumors of the skull. Design-Retrospective case series. Animals-Dogs with multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) or osteosarcoma (OSA) of the skull. |
| 2012/05 Thyroid Scintigraphy Findings in 917 Cats with Hyperthyroidism Thyroid scintigraphy provides valuable information regarding both thyroid anatomy and physiology and plays an integral role in the diagnosis, staging, and management of feline thyroid dis- ease. Recently, Harvey et al (Scintigraphic findings in 120 hyperthyroid cats. JFMS 2009;11: 96) reported that nearly 1 of 5 hyperthyroid cats had multiple areas of increased radionuclide uptake (IRU) visible on thyroid imaging, commonly with intra- thoracic tissue that could not be palpated. |
| 2012/05 Nuclear Imaging in Veterinary Endocrinology Scintigraphic studies are used in veterinary medicine to image thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreatic diseases. By far, the most common of these studies is thyroid scintigraphy. |
| 2012/05 Assessment of the Value of Quantitative Thyroid Scintigraphy for Determination of Thyroid Function in Dogs Objective: To assess the value of thyroid scintigraphy to determine thyroid status in dogs with hypothyroidism and various non-thyroidal illnesses. Methods: Thyroid hormone concentrations were measured and quantitative thyroid scintigraphy performed in 21 dogs with clinical and/or clinicopathological features consistent with hypothyroidism. |
| 2012/04 Comparison of Glomerular Filtration Rate Determined by Use of Single-Slice Dynamic Computed Tomography and Scintigraphy in Cats Objective-To compare estimation of glomerular filtration rate determined via conventional methods (ie, scintigraphy and plasma clearance of technetium Tc 99m pentetate) and dynamic single-slice computed tomography (CT). Animals-8 healthy adult cats. Procedures-Scintigraphy, plasma clearance testing, and dynamic CT were performed on each cat on the same day; order of examinations was randomized. |
| 2011/12 Comparison of Radiographic and Scintigraphic Findings of the Spinous Processes in the Equine Thoracolumbar Region. Back pain is common in horses, but there has been no large-scale in-depth study describing radiographic changes of the spinous processes, the relationship between radiographic and scintigraphic findings, and the effect of size, age, breed, or discipline. The objectives were to investigate the frequency of occurrence in horses with perceived back pain of: (1) radiographic alteration of the spinous process structure; (2) increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) in the spinous processes; and (3) to compare radiographic and scintigraphic findings; and to determine if there was breed, gender, age, bodyweight, height, or work discipline predisposition for close, impinging, or overriding spinous processes. |
| 2011/12 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Findings in Horses with Subchondral Bone Trauma of the Sagittal Groove of the Proximal Phalanx Eight sports horses with unilateral (4) or bilateral (3) forelimb or unilateral hindlimb (1) lameness had subtle radiologic abnormalities of the subchondral bone of the sagittal groove of the proximal phalanx associated with moderate or intense increased radiopharmaceutical uptake. |
| 2011/11 Treatment of a Malignant Pheochromocytoma in a Dog Using 131i Metaiodobenzylguanidine A 12 yr old castrated male Yorkshire terrier was presented with a history of an inoperable pheochromocytoma. Physical examination revealed a large, midabdominal mass. Neurologic examination was normal at presentation. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a 215 cm(3) mass in the region of the right kidney. |
| 2011/09 Clinical Relevance of Abnormal Scintigraphic Findings of Adult Equine Ribs Horses with cranial rib abnormalities may exhibit severe acute lameness and may have unusual gait deficits characterized by forelimb abduction during protraction at the walk. Horses with caudal rib abnormalities may resent being saddled and ridden. In a retrospective evaluation of 20 horses with a documented rib lesion, 25 sites of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake were found in one or more ribs. |
| 2010/09 Calculation and Usage of the Thyroid to Background Ratio on the Pertechnetate Thyroid Scan Feline hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder. A single dose of 148 MBq (4 mCi) 131I is 95–98% effective for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats; however, the cause for treatment failures has not been determined. In a series of 113 hyperthyroid cats having pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy before treatment using a standard 148 MBq (4 mCi) 131I dose, the thyroid to salivary gland (T:S) ratio and the thyroid to background (T:B) ratio were calculated. |
| 2010/08 The Feline Iodine Requirement Is Lower Than the 2006 NRC Recommended Allowance* Summary The purpose of this study was to determine the iodine (I) requirement in adult cats. Forty-two healthy euthyroid cats (1.6–13.6 years old) were utilized in a randomized complete block design. Cats were fed a dry basal diet (0.23 mg/kg I) for a minimum of 1 month (pre-test) then switched to a different basal diet supplemented with seven levels of KI for 1 year (experimental period). Analysed I concentrations were 0.17, 0.23, 0.47, 1.1, 3.1, 6.9 and 8.8 mg I/kg diet [dry matter (DM) basis] and used to construct a response curve. |
| 2010/08 The Feline Iodine Requirement Is Lower Than the 2006 NRC Recommended Allowance The purpose of this study was to determine the iodine (I) requirement in adult cats. Forty-two healthy euthyroid cats (1.6-13.6 years old) were utilized in a randomized complete block design. Cats were fed a dry basal diet (0.23 mg/kg I) for a minimum of 1 month (pre-test) then switched to a different basal diet supplemented with seven levels of KI for 1 year (experimental period). Analysed I concentrations were 0.17, 0.23, 0.47, 1.1, 3.1, 6.9 and 8.8 mg I/kg diet [dry matter (DM) basis] and used to construct a response curve. |
| 2010/07 Characterization of Multiple Acquired Portosystemic Shunts Using Transplenic Portal Scintigraphy We describe the scintigraphic patterns observed in 14 patients with confirmed multiple portosystemic shunts imaged via transplenic portal scintigraphy. Parameters evaluated included presence of multiple anomalous vessels, presence of hepatofugal flow caudal to spleen, and/or to cranial margin of the kidneys, slow absorption resulting in longer spleen to heart transit time, and presence of biphasic or fragmented bolus. |
| 2010/06 Investigation of Prognostic Factors for the Development of Renal Disease Following I-131 Therapy in Feline Hyperthyroidism |
| 2010/06 Comparison of Models for Predicting Renal Disease Following I-131 Therapy for Feline Hyperthyroidism |
| 2010/05 Imaging Diagnosis--Arterial and Venous Thromboses of the Proximal Limb in Two Thoroughbred Racehorses Thromboses of the cranial tibial vein (Horse 1) and brachial, median, and cranial circumflex humeral arteries (Horse 2) were identified as causes of unilateral lameness in two Thoroughbred racehorses. Nuclear scintigraphy was performed for suspicion of long bone stress fractures but instead allowed identification of unusual areas of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake within soft tissues of the affected limbs. Ultrasonography of these regions allowed identification of occlusive thrombi within a 25 cm length of the cranial tibial vein (Horse 1) and variable lengths of affected arteries in Horse 2. |
| 2010/05 Focal Skeletal Muscle Uptake of 99mtechnetium-Hydroxymethylene Diphosphonate Following Peroneal Nerve Blocks in Horses We have observed focal skeletal muscle uptake of 99mTechnetium-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (Tc-HDP), which could mimic a tibial lesion, in horses following peroneal nerve blocks. To characterize this observation further, 45 bone phase scintigrams were performed in 12 horses undergoing peroneal nerve blocks. Scans were performed before, and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days postblock. |
| 2010/05 Bone Scintigraphy for the Diagnosis of an Abnormal Medial Coronoid Process in Dogs Few reports have been published regarding the use of scintigraphy in the diagnosis of elbow joint lameness in dogs. Some authors have speculated about the potential use of bone scintigraphy and its suspected high sensitivity for the early diagnosis of abnormalities of the medial coronoid process (MCP) in dogs. Scintigraphy is used routinely in our institution in dogs presented for thoracic limb lameness and/or suspected of abnormalities of the MCP when radiographic findings were equivocal. Radiographic, scintigraphic, and surgical findings of the elbow joints of 17 dogs with elbow joint lameness were compared with radiographic, scintigraphic, and necropsy findings of the elbow joints of 12 clinically healthy Labrador Retrievers. |
| 2010/02 Use of Thyroid Scintigraphy and Pituitary Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Spontaneous Hypothyroidism in a Mature Cat A 12-year old, castrated male domestic shorthair cat presented with a 2-year history of poor hair coat, seborrhea, generalized pruritus and otitis externa. Low circulating concentrations of total serum thyroxine (TT(4)) and free thyroxine (fT(4)) and an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone concentration supported a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. |
| 2009/09 Imaging Diagnosis-Enostosis-Like Lesion in the Femur of a Horse An enostosis-like lesion was diagnosed in the left femur of a Swedish Warmblood horse that had a left hindlimb lameness of 3 weeks duration. With scintigraphy using technetium 99m-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (99m Tc-HDP) a marked regional focal increase in radioactivity was identified in the medullary cavity of the left femur. Radiographically there was a corresponding focal increase in bone opacity in the middiaphysis of the left femur. Histopathologically, a 5 cm area of bone matrix was present in the diaphysis of the left femur and confirmed as an enostosis-like lesion. Enostosis-like lesions should be considered as a source of pain in horses with difficult to localize, moderate to severe chronic lameness. |
| 2009/08 Dermoid Cysts Presenting as Enlarged Thyroid Glands in a Cat A 5-year-old spayed female cat was evaluated for hyperthyroidism based on an elevated free thyroxine (T(4)) measurement and bilaterally enlarged symmetric subcutaneous masses in the area of the thyroid glands. |
| 2009/03 Scintigraphic and Radiographic Appearance of the Sacroiliac Region in Horses with Gait Abnormalities or Poor Performance Nuclear bone scintigraphy is commonly used in the diagnosis of sacroiliac disease in horses. The aim of the present retrospective study was to determine if there was an association between radiopharmaceutical uptake pattern and radiographic appearance of the sacroiliac region in horses. Seventy-nine horses undergoing bone scintigraphy with Tc-99 m-HDP and radiography of the pelvis because of lameness or poor performance were studied. Subjective and semiquantitative methods were used to characterize and compare radiopharmaceutical uptake between horses. |
| 2009/02 Scintigraphic Findings in 120 Hyperthyroid Cats The aim of this study was to characterise the scintigraphic findings in a large population of hyperthyroid cats in order to determine the location of thyroid pathology in newly diagnosed hyperthyroid cats and those that had previously undergone thyroidectomy. A specific aim was to identify the proportion of cats with ectopic hyperfunctional thyroid tissue and characterise the scintigraphic and clinical features of this subset of cats. Nearly one in five hyperthyroid cats was identified to have multiple areas of hyperfunctional thyroid tissue and/or intrathoracic hyperfunctional thyroid tissue where surgical thyroidectomy would not be curative. |
| 2009/02 Feline Thyroid Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Response to High-Dose Radioactive Iodine Treatment This study reports the scintigraphy, histopathology, sole treatment with high-dose radioactive iodine and outcome of eight cases of feline thyroid carcinoma. Scintigraphic findings were variable and in 7/8 cases scintigraphic features could not reliably distinguish whether the thyroid tissue was malignant. Histopathology revealed typical criteria of malignancy in all cases, with mitotic activity described most frequently (7/8 cases), followed by infiltration of local tissues (4/8 cases). Cellular pleomorphism was infrequently observed. Single high-dose (1100MBq I(131)) radioiodine therapy was successful in 6/8 cases, with complete resolution of hyperthyroidism, and was associated with prolonged survival times (181-2381 days). Sole treatment with high-dose radioiodine is a safe and effective treatment for functional thyroid carcinoma. The prognosis for feline thyroid carcinoma successfully treated with radioiodine is good, with extended survival times commonly achieved. |
| 2008/11 Diuretic Renal Scintigraphy in Normal Cat The purpose of this study was to develop a protocol for diuretic renal scintigraphy (renography) in cats and describe normal findings. 99mTc-DTPA renal scintigraphy was performed twice in 10 healthy cats. Furosemide or saline were injected 4.5 min after radiopharmaceutical administration for the diuretic or control scan, respectively. |
| 2008/09 99mTc-Labeled Dextran for Mammary Lymphoscintigraphy in Dogs Lymphoscintigraphy is the technique of choice for sentinel lymph node detection in women with early breast cancer, but there is limited information evaluating the value of this technique in animals. We investigated mammary lymphatic drainage in 25 young female mongrel dogs by intramammary injection of 18.5 MBq of 99mTc-dextran (70,000 Da). Lymph node anatomical referencing was obtained using an external marker, bone scintigraphy, or scintiscanning the body contour. |
| 2008/07 Scintigraphic and Radiographic Evaluation of Appendicular Skeletal Lesions in Cold-Stunned Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles Osteolytic appendicular skeletal lesions in eight-stranded, cold-stunned Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) were evaluated using radiography and skeletal scintigraphy. Radiographic studies were performed monthly in most animals.
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| 2007/10 Comparison of 99mTco4(-) Trans-Splenic Portal Scintigraphy with Per-Rectal Portal Scintigraphy for Diagnosis of Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trans-splenic portal scintigraphy (TSPS) and per-rectal portal scintigraphy (PRPS) for diagnosis of congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) in dogs, and compare these results with surgical findings. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized cross over clinical trial. ANIMALS: Dogs (n=42) with suspected CPSS. METHODS: Dogs had TSPS and PRPS 48 hours apart; quantity of radionuclide administered was recorded. Three independent, blinded reviewers evaluated each scintigraphic study for study quality, shunt presence, number, and location of shunt termination (caudal vena cava, azygos vein). |
| 2007/08 Dog with a Functional Intra-Thoracic Thyroid Tumor |
| 2007/07 Investigation of Two Methods for Assessing Thyroid-Lobe Asymmetry During Pertechnetate Scintigraphy in Suspected Hyperthyroid Cats Our aim was to investigate thyroid:thyroid (T:T) ratio and visual inspection for assessing thyroid-lobe asymmetry in suspected hyperthyroid cats. Although thyroid-salivary asymmetry is a preferred test, inherent thyroid symmetry may assist image interpretation. Association was determined using a scatter plot and Spearman's rank correlation. Agreement was assessed using the kappa statistic. Accuracy was assessed by sensitivity and specificity. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 33/48 (69%) cats based on elevated serum total thyroxine level. |
| 2007/07 Imaging Diagnosis-Discospondylitis and Septic Arthritis in a Dog A 6-year-old German Shepherd dog was evaluated for hind limb lameness. When a diagnosis, could not be achieved using radiography and ultrasonography, bone scintigraphy was performed to look for occult lameness or the presence of multiostic disease. Bone scintigraphy was useful in identification of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the thoracic spine and right coxofemoral joint, which directed further testing leading to the diagnosis of discospondylitis, septic arthritis of the coxofemoral joint, and a urinary tract infection. |
| 2007/06 Association of Urine Protein Excretion and Renal Function in Feline Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorder in middle aged to older cats. Renal insufficiency may be masked by the presence of hyperthyroidism and subsequent 1-131 therapy of hyperthyroid cats with abnormal renal function may precipitate renal failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential association between renal protein excretion and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), as determined by nuclear scintigraphy, in detecting renal dysfunction in naturally occurring feline hyperthyroidism. |
| 2007/05 Transsplenic Portal Scintigraphy Using 99mTc-Mebrofenin in Normal Dogs Transsplenic portal scintigraphy using sodium pertechnetate is superior to per-rectal portal scintigraphy due to improved visualization of the portal vasculature with decreased patient and personnel exposure. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of 99mTc-mebrofenin, the radiopharmaceutical of choice for the evaluation of hepatic function, in place of pertechnetate for transsplenic portal scintigraphy in normal dogs. |
| 2007/05 Hyperthyroidism Due to an Intrathoracic Tumour in a Dog with Test Results Suggesting Hyperadrenocorticism The elevated urinary corticoid/creatinine ratios of an 11-year-old Jack Russell terrier with polyuria were suppressible in a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, which was suggestive of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The absence of physical and routine-laboratory changes compatible with hyperadrenocorticism and the relatively high plasma thyroxine concentration were the impetus for additional studies of thyroid and adrenocortical functions. |
| 2007/03 Evaluation of Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy as an Indicator of Hepatic Function in Domestic Pigeons (<I>Columba Livia</I>) before and after Exposure to Ethylene Glycol This study investigated the use of quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy to assess liver function in 14 white Carneaux pigeons (Columba livia). Liver scintigraphy using 99mTc-mebrofenin was performed and liver function was quantified using deconvolutional analysis and the area under the normalized heart time-activity curve as previously described in the dog and horse. Liver biopsies were performed in all birds before and after toxin-induced liver damage with ethylene glycol. |
| 2006/12 Outcome Associated with Use of a Percutaneously Controlled Hydraulic Occluder for Treatment of Dogs with Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy of a hydraulic occluder (HO) used for treatment of dogs with an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (IHPSS). DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 10 dogs with an IHPSS. PROCEDURES: Serum biochemical and postprandial bile acids (PPBA) analyses and transcolonic scintigraphy were performed before surgery. Laparotomy was performed, and an uninflated HO was placed around the portal vein branch leading to the IHPSS. |
| 2006/08 Sodium Iodide I 131 Treatment of Dogs with Nonresectable Thyroid Tumors: 39 Cases (1990-2003) OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome for dogs with nonresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with sodium iodide I 131 and identify factors associated with outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. Animals-39 dogs. PROCEDURES: A definitive or presumptive diagnosis of thyroid tumor was made on the basis of cytologic or histologic examination, abnormal accumulation of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m during scintigraphy, or both, and dogs were treated with sodium iodide I 131. Dogs with cervical thyroid tumors were evaluated 3 to 6 weeks after 131I therapy, and residual tumor was resected when feasible. |
| 2006/08 Effect of Four Sedative and Anesthetic Protocols on Quantitative Thyroid Scintigraphy in Euthyroid Cats OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of sedation and anesthesia on thyroid and salivary gland uptake of technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate ((99m)TcO(4)) in euthyroid cats. ANIMALS: 6 euthyroid cats. PROCEDURES: Thyroid scintigraphy was performed by use of a high-resolution low-energy parallel-hole collimator after IV injection of 117 to 133 MBq (3.16 to 3.59 mCi) of (99m)TcO(4)(-). The procedure was performed 4 times on each cat during different sedative and anesthetic protocols in a rotating schedule as follows: propofol, ketamine-midazolam-atropine, ketaminemidazolam, and medetomidine. |
| 2006/04 Results of Thyroidectomy in 101 Cats with Hyperthyroidism OBJECTIVE: To describe outcome after thyroidectomy in hyperthyroid cats, with emphasis on peri- and postsurgical complications and recurrence. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: One hundred and one hyperthyroid cats. METHODS: Diagnostic work-up included preoperative measurement of plasma calcium, sodium, potassium, urea, and creatinine concentrations, and thyroid scintigraphy. |
| 2006/03 Preliminary Evaluation of 99mtechnetium Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid, 99mtechnetium Dimercaptosuccinic Acid, and 99mtechnetium Mercaptoacetyltriglycine for Renal Scintigraphy in Corn Snakes (Elaphe Guttata Guttata) The efficacy of three radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA), 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc-DMSA), and 99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc-MAG3), for renal imaging was examined in 16 corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata). All snakes received the radiopharmaceutical via an intracardiac injection. |
| 2006/03 Imaging Features of Discospondylitis in Two Horses Two horses with discospondylitis are described with emphasis on the imaging modalities used and their contribution to the final diagnosis and outcome. Radiographic findings were vertebral endplate lysis with sclerosis in both horses, with additional vertebral subluxation and ventral spondylosis in one horse. Ultrasonographic findings included vertebral malalignment and obliteration of the intervertebral disc by spondylotic bone in one horse and irregular endplates, a widened disc space, a hypoechoic paravertebral abscess and hypoechoic, atrophic adjacent musculature with loss of linear fiber pattern in the other horse. Bone scintigraphy excluded additional affected sites. A systematic approach is recommended when performing an ultrasound examination of the spine. |
| 2006/03 Effect of Observer Variability on Glomerular Filtration Rate Measurement by Renal Scintigraphy in Dogs Observer variation in kidney depth measurement for correction of soft-tissue attenuation and kidney region of interest (ROI) drawing was evaluated using 60 clinical dogs with a wide range of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for their effect on the calculated percentage uptake of 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and individual kidney GFR by scintigraphy. |
| 2006/03 Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs Using Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography The purpose of this project was to establish a procedure and reference values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in eight healthy dogs. A single section of the kidney was scanned sequentially after bolus injection (3 ml/s) of iohexol (300 mg/kg). Time-attenuation curves were constructed and the GFR per volume of kidney was calculated using Patlak graphical analysis software. |
| 2006/03 Accuracy of Increased Thyroid Activity During Pertechnetate Scintigraphy by Subcutaneous Injection for Diagnosing Hyperthyroidism in Cats Our purpose was to determine the accuracy of increased thyroid activity for diagnosing hyperthyroidism in cats suspected of having that disease during pertechnetate scintigraphy using subcutaneous rather than intravenous radioisotope administration. Increased thyroid activity was determined by two methods: the thyroid:salivary ratio (T:S) and visual inspection. These assessments were made on the ventral scintigram of the head and neck. |
| 2006/02 Thyroid Scintigraphy in Hyperthyroidism Thyroid scintigraphy is a nuclear medicine procedure that produces a visual display of functional thyroid tissue based on the selective uptake of various radionuclides by thyroid tissue. Thyroid scintigraphy provides valuable information regarding both thyroid anatomy and physiology and can play an integral role in the diagnosis and management of cats with hyperthyroidism. Thyroid scintigraphy allows the direct visualization of the functional adenomatous thyroid tissue responsible for the development of hyperthyroidism. |
| 2006/02 Survival Times for Cats with Hyperthyroidism Treated with Iodine 131, Methimazole, or Both: 167 Cases (1996-2003) OBJECTIVE: To compare survival times for cats with hyperthyroidism treated with iodine 131, methimazole, or both and identify factors associated with survival time. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 167 cats. PROCEDURE: Medical records of cats in which hyperthyroidism had been confirmed on the basis of high serum thyroxine concentration, results of thyroid scintigraphy, or both were reviewed. |
| 2006/01 Thyroid Scintigraphy |
| 2006/01 Thyroid Scintigraphy |
| 2006/01 Small Animal Skeletal Scintigraphy |
| 2006/01 Renal Scintigraphy |
| 2006/01 Pulmonary and Mucociliary Scintigraphy |
| 2006/01 Parathyroid Scintigraphy |
| 2006/01 Lymphoscintigraphy |
| 2006/01 Hepatic Scintigraphy |
| 2006/01 Evaluation of 99mTc-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid Renal Scintigram Curves in Normal Dogs after Induction of Diuresis The normal 99mTc-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) renal scintigram curve has 3 distinct phases; an arterial phase followed by progressive uptake and subsequent excretion from the kidney. In dogs with X-linked hereditary nephritis, a distinct flattening of the renal scintigram curve has been observed prior to any decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The cause of this shape change is not known, however, it coincided with decreased urine-specific gravity and thus might be related to polyuria. To further evaluate this possibility, we assessed whether diuresis without concurrent renal disease could flatten the 99mTc-DTPA renal scintigram curve. |
| 2006/01 Equine Skeletal Scintigraphy |
| 2005/11 The Role of Protective Lead Clothing in Reducing Radiation Exposure Rates to Personnel During Equine Bone Scintigraphy Bone scintigraphy is often used in horses because of its sensitivity and noninvasive nature. A 99mTc labeled radiopharmaceutical is injected at a dose of between 5.7 and 7.3 GBq. Images are acquired immediately postinjection and 2-4 h post. People are often in the room with the horse during the acquisition process. Objectives of this study were to (a) document the radiation exposure rates at different distances from various sites of the horse at varying times post injection and (b) study the usefulness of wearing lead aprons to reduce exposure rates to personnel. |
| 2005/11 Evaluation of Lymphoma in a Cat Using 99mTc-Sestamibi This report describes the evaluation of cutaneous lymphoma in a cat using 99mTc-sestamibi. A mass in the left pes with extension to the left popliteal lymph node was diagnosed as B-cell lymphoma. Thoracic and abdominal radiography and abdominal ultrasound were unremarkable. Scintigraphy using 99mTc-sestamibi confirmed the lesion was confined to the left hind leg, and the leg was amputated. The cat made a full recovery. |
| 2005/11 Deep Digital Flexor Tendonitis in the Equine Foot Diagnosed by Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Standing Patient: 18 Cases Injury to the distal aspects of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) is an important cause of lameness in horses. The purpose of this study was to review the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 18 horses affected by DDFT injuries in the foot. The MRI was performed with the horses standing using an open low-field (0.21 T) MRI scanner. The results were compared with those previously reported for horses using high-field MRI. Eighteen of 84 horses (21%) with undiagnosed forefoot pain were found to have lesions affecting the DDFT. |
| 2005/09 Feline Hyperthyroidism. The Contribution of Nuclear Medicine This paper overviews the incidence, aetiology, clinical signs and complications of hyperthyroidism in cats as well as the contribution of nuclear medicine in the diagnosis and management of this veterinary disease. Thyroid gland scintigraphy is of particular value in detecting autonomic adenoma in occult cases of fenile hyperthyroidism (FH), particularly when hormone tests are doubtful or conflicting. Also, thyroid scintigraphy is useful in detecting the shape of the thyroid gland, hyperfunctioning accessory or ectopic thyroid tissue, multi-nodular goitre and unilateral or bilateral cold lesions. Quantitative radioiodine uptake measurements of 131I, 123I or 99mTc-pertechnetate are rarely performed. Radioiodine uptake is often examined in occult FH. Radioiodine treatment is considered to be the easiest, the most effective and with fewer complications treatment for FH compared to thyreostatic drugs or surgical treatment. The contribution of nuclear medicine in FH is an interesting challenge for both veterinary and nuclear medicine. |
| 2005/09 Effects of Acepromazine on Three-Phase 99mTc-Mdp Bone Imaging in 11 Horses Horses undergoing skeletal scintigraphy can have decreased radiopharmaceutical bone uptake in the limbs. This reduces the diagnostic value of the scan. The aim of the present study was to measure the changes in count density caused by vasodilatation and increased blood flow associated with intravenous injection of acepromazine during bone scintigraphy in normal horses. A three-phase bone scan was performed twice in 11 adult horses to study the effects of acepromazine on the count density of the resultant scintigrams. |
| 2005/05 Effects of Methimazole on Thyroid Gland Uptake of 99mTc-Pertechnetate in 19 Hyperthyroid Cats Nineteen cats with abnormally high serum T4 concentrations underwent thyroid scintigraphy using technetium-99m pertechnetate (99mTcO4) before and after 36±6 days of methimazole administration (approximately 2.5 mg PO q 12 h). Thyroid-to-salivary gland ratios (T:S ratios) and percentage thyroidal uptake of injected radioactivity at 20 and 60 min after injection of 99mTcO4 were compared before and after methimazole treatment. |
| 2005/05 Association of the Risk of Development of Hypothyroidism after Iodine 131 Treatment with the Pretreatment Pattern of Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m Uptake in the Thyroid Gland in Cats with Hyperthyroidism: 165 Cases (1990-2002) OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the risk of development of hypothyroidism after treatment with iodine 131 (131I) was associated with the pattern of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m activity in the thyroid gland detected via scintigraphy before treatment in cats with hyperthyroidism. |
| 2005/03 Use of 99mTc Trans-Splenic Portal Scintigraphy for Diagnosis of Portosystemic Shunts in 28 Dogs Ultrasound-guided percutaneous trans-splenic portal scintigraphy (TSPS) using 99mTcO has been used to image the portal venous system in normal dogs. Compared with per-rectal portal scintigraphy, it provides higher count density, consistent nuclear venograms of the splenic and portal vein, and significantly decreased radiation exposures. This paper describes the use of TSPS for the diagnosis of portosystemic shunts in 28 dogs. TSPS was performed injecting 70±28 MBq of 99mTcO (mean±SD) into the splenic parenchyma with ultrasound guidance. |
| 2005/03 Trans-Splenic Portal Scintigraphy in Normal Dogs The purpose of this study was to (1) establish a technique for ultrasound-guided trans-splenic portal scintigraphy (TSPS) using 99mTcO4, (2) evaluate portal vein morphology, (3) compare the radiation exposures for TSPS vs. per-rectal portal scintigraphy (PRPS), and (4) compare the quality of numerical data from the TSPS vs. PRPS. |
| 2005/03 Somatostatin Receptor Imaging in Vivo by Planar Scintigraphy Facilitates the Diagnosis of Canine Insulinomas Somatostatin receptors expressed by insulinomas in 5 dogs were imaged in vivo by means of indium in 111 pentetreotide (OctreoScan) scintigraphy. The diagnosis in each dog was supported by the presence of hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL), hyperinsulinemia (>20 microU/mL), and histopathologic review of neoplastic tissue. |
| 2005/03 Scintigraphic Evaluation of the Distal Tarsal Region in Horses with Distal Tarsal Pain Distal tarsal pain is a common reason for hind limb lameness, but diagnosis cannot always be made on radiographic examination. Scintigraphy may allow detection of subtle changes undetected by other diagnostic methods. We hypothesized that (1) distal tarsal pain would be associated with a loss of the expected pattern of radiopharmaceutical uptake (RU) detected in normal horses, (2) distal tarsal RU would be greater in limbs with tarsal pain than without pain, (3) RU in painful tarsi with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis (OA) would be greater than in distal tarsal pain with no radiographic evidence of OA. The study aimed to describe radiopharmaceutical distribution in the distal tarsal region of horses with distal tarsal pain, and to compare this with the contralateral limb and results from horses without tarsal pain. |
| 2005/03 A Review of Small Animal Imaging Planar and Pinhole Spect Camera Imaging Scintigraphy (positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) techniques) allows qualitative and quantitative measurement of physiologic processes as well as alterations secondary to various disease states. With the use of specific radioligands, molecular pathways and pharmacokinetic processes can be investigated. Radioligand delivery can be (semi)quantified in the region of interest in cross-sectional and longitudinal examinations, which can be performed under the same conditions or after physiologic or pharmacologic interventions. |
| 2005/01 Comparison of Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography for the Detection and Localization of Canine Insulinoma Accurate preoperative detection, localization, and staging of the primary tumor and metastases are essential for the selection of appropriate candidates for surgery. In dogs with insulinoma, preoperative assessment usually is performed with transabdominal ultrasonography (US). There are no reports on the use of computed tomography (CT) for this purpose. |
| 2004/11 Choosing the Best Tests to Diagnose Feline Hyperthyroidism Not all hyperthyroid cats exhibit clinical signs, and concurrent illness may skew the laboratory assessment of thyroid function. Here's the latest research on what tests to perform to establish a diagnosis. In this article, I describe the most common clinical signs and physical examination findings in hyperthyroid cats. I also review the available diagnostic methods, including their advantages and disadvantages. |
| 2004/09 Stress Fracture of the Scapula in Two Horses Stress fracture of the scapula in two horses is described. Both horses had a history of acute lameness after strenuous exercise. Using elective nuclear scintigraphy focal increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the affected scapula consistent with a fracture was identified. Standing radiography was nondiagnostic in both horses. Ultrasonographic findings in one horse were consistent with a minimally displaced incomplete fracture. Both horses were treated conservatively and returned to train and race successfully postinjury. |
| 2004/07 Scintigraphic Appearance of the Dorsal Cortex of the Third Metacarpus and Third Metatarsus in the Horse The lack of "standard uptake pattern" to refer to when interpreting scintigraphic images poses a problem to anyone working with skeletal scintigraphy. An article written by Koblik et al. stated that in the normal scintigraphic image of older horses, the dorsal cortex of the metacarpus and metatarsus is not identifiable, whereas it can be identified in younger horses. In this retrospective study we evaluated the association between the age of a horse and visibility of the dorsal cortex of the metacarpus and metatarsus. We found that dorsal cortical uptake can be seen in the normal adult horse. The population in the study consisted of 139 horses scanned under general anesthesia in lateral recumbency. Scintigraphic images of 202 limbs were examined visually and by using a profile image tool. In almost all limbs the dorsal cortex was identifiable (82%); only 7% of the dorsal cortices were not identifiable; and 11% of the scintigraphic images were not interpretable. |
| 2004/07 Nuclear Scintigraphic Evaluation of the Distal Tarsal Region in Normal Horses Bone-phase scintigraphy is sensitive to the dynamic process of bone modeling and remodeling, which may be adaptive or pathologic. Our knowledge of normal patterns of radiopharmaceutical uptake (RU) is limited, making interpretation of images problematic. It is therefore important to characterize normal patterns of RU at specific sites and relate these to age and exercise, to ensure valid interpretation of images in clinical cases with subtle lesions. This study aimed to characterize patterns of uptake of radiopharmaceutical in the distal tarsal region in clinically normal horses, and to investigate the effects of age and work discipline. |
| 2004/03 Accuracy of Elevated Thyroid: Salivary Ratio During Subcutaneous Thyroid Scintigraphy for Diagnosing Feline Hyperthyroidism |
| 2004/01 Sonographic Diagnosis of a Presumed Ureteral Tear in a Horse A 14-year-old thoroughbred gelding was presented for the evaluation of acute abdominal pain. Rectally, there was a soft fluctuant painful swelling dorsal to the bladder and to the right of the midline. The creatinine concentration of the peritoneal fluid was 15 mg/dl. Transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the urinary tract revealed a large collection of fluid dissecting from the pelvic portion of the right ureter ventrally through the right side of the bladder wall and into the retroperitoneal space, and a thickened right ureter and bladder wall at the level of the trigone. |
| 2004/01 Portal Streamlining as a Cause of Nonuniform Hepatic Distribution of Sodium Pertechnetate During Per-Rectal Portal Scintigraphy in the Dog The purpose of this study was to evaluate nonuniform patterns of vascular distribution of pertechnetate in the dog during per-rectal portal scintigraphy. Ninety-two studies were reviewed retrospectively to document the patterns of radionuclide distribution. Forty-five studies were classified as normal and 47 were classified as diagnostic for a macrovascular portosystemic shunt. |
| 2004/01 Effects of Serial Ultrasound-Guided Renal Biopsies on Kidneys of Healthy Adolescent Dogs Ten healthy mixed-breed dogs were used to evaluate the functional and structural effects of serial ultrasound-guided renal biopsies obtained with an automated biopsy needle. In each dog, one lateral renal cortex was biopsied at 2, 4, and 6 months of age; the other kidney was the control. Five dogs had two tissue cores and five dogs had four tissue cores taken on each biopsy occasion, and one core was examined microscopically. |
| 2003/12 Percutaneous Ultrasonographically Guided Radiofrequency Heat Ablation for Treatment of Hyperthyroidism in Cats The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency heat ablation for treatment of cats with naturally occurring hyperthyroidism. |
| 2003/11 Scintigraphy of the Sacroiliac Joint Region in Asymptomatic Riding Horses: Scintigraphic Appearance and Evaluation of Method The sacroiliac region in 33 clinically normal riding horses was examined with scintigraphy to determine the normal scintigraphic appearance, to evaluate a semiquantitative method used to calculate a sacroiliac joint (SI joint) ratio, and to identify factors that affect the scintigraphic appearance of the pelvis. The scintigraphic examination included dorsal views of each SI joint region and one lateral view of the urinary bladder. |
| 2003/10 Diagnostic Imaging of Congenital Porto-Systemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats: A Review An overview of clinical, laboratory, and diagnostic imaging features of congenital porto-systemic shunt (PSS) in dogs and cats is presented through the analysis of recent literature, and personal case log. Particular emphasis is given to diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographic examination of PSS in the evaluation of shunt vessel anatomy, and of ancillary findings such as abnormalities of portal vein flow, portal branches, and liver size. Operative mesenteric portography to obtain information on PSS morphology and position, and quantitative hepatic scintigraphy, which allows the calculation of shunt fractions, are also described. Limitations for each diagnostic imaging technique are given. |
| 2003/06 Diagnosis of Feline Hyperthyroidism Using Thyroid Scintigraphy |
| 2003/05 Gastric Emptying in Cats Using Foods Varying in Fiber Content and Kibble Shapes The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of kibble shape and fiber content of commercial dry foods on gastric emptying in healthy cats. Eight healthy cats were used to evaluate four different diets which varied in shape of kibble (round versus triangle) or fiber content (low versus high). Diets were labeled with 99mTc-mebrofenin and gastric emptying was evaluated with nuclear scintigraphy. |
| 2003/01 Simultaneous Congenital and Acquired Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Two Dogs Two dogs with simultaneous congenital and acquired portosystemic shunts are reported. The first dog was an eight-month-old, male Golden Retriever with a history of peritoneal effusion, polyuria/polydipsia, and stunted growth. The dog had a microcytic, hypochromic anemia, a mildly elevated AST, and a moderate to severely elevated preprandial and postprandial serum bile acids. Transcolonic portal scintigraphy confirmed the presence of a portosystemic shunt. An intraoperative mesenteric portogram was performed. |
| 2003/01 Determination of Time of Onset and Location of Early Skeletal Lesions in Young Dogs Experimentally Infected with Hepatozoon Americanum Using Bone Scintigraphy Canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon americanum has periosteal proliferation on long bones, pelvis, vertebrae, and skull. The pathogenesis of the periosteal proliferation is unknown but may be similar to hypertrophic osteopathy. |
| 2002/11 Survival and Prognostic Indicators for Dogs with Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts: 32 Cases (1990-2000) OBJECTIVE: To determine prognostic indicators for short-term outcome and long-term survival for dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IPSS). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Thirty-two dogs of various breeds. |
| 2002/11 Predictors of Response to Radioiodine Therapy in Hyperthyroid Cats The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate hyperthyroid cats for pretreatment factors that would predict response to radioiodine therapy. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 193 cats based on elevated serum thyroxine levels and/or elevated thyroid to salivary gland ratios on thyroid scintigraphy. All cats were treated with an intravenous bolus of 4 mCi of radioiodine and follow-up serum thyroxine levels were evaluated at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-therapy. |
| 2002/11 Computed Tomographic Appearance of Osteochondritis Dissecans-Like Lesions of the Proximal Articular Surface of the Proximal Phalanx in a Horse A 6-year-old Thoroughbred gelding presented with a left forelimb lameness. The results of lameness examination, radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and computed tomography are presented. Based on the diagnostic imaging, subchondral fractures and osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the proximal articular surface of the proximal phalanx were diagnosed. A brief discussion of osteochondritis dissecans is presented. |
| 2002/09 Relationship between Semi-Quantitative Thyroid Palpation and Total Thyroxine Concentration in Cats with and without Hyperthyroidism In 155 cats, both with and without clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations were compared to a sensitive, semi-quantitative thyroid palpation technique. On the basis of TT4 concentrations, 23 of the 155 cats were classified as hyperthyroid. The size of individual thyroid glands was scored between '0' (non-palpable) and a maximum of '6'. One or more enlarged thyroid glands (score >0) were palpated in 22 of the 23 hyperthyroid cats and in 78 of the 132 euthyroid cats. However, none of the 132 euthyroid cats had a thyroid lobe score of greater than '3' whereas 18 of the 23 hyperthyroid cats had a thyroid lobe score of '4' or greater, and in two of the five that had scores below '4' there was evidence of intrathoracic functional thyroid tissue on scintigraphy. |
| 2002/07 Quantitative Thyroid Scintigraphy as a Predictor of Serum Thyroxin Concentration in Normal and Hyperthyroid Cats Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy using pertechnetate was performed in 43 cats with various T4 concentrations and compared to eight normal control cats. Quantitative parameters included percentage dose uptake of the radioisotope by the thyroid, thyroid:salivary ratio and rate of thyroid uptake. All cats were anesthetized for the scan, and images were obtained using both low-energy all purpose (LEAP) and pinhole collimators. All quantitative parameters were significantly correlated to the serum T4 concentration, but the best correlation was obtained using the 20-minute thyroid:salivary ratio using only the most intense of the two thyroid lobes. The thyroid:salivary ratio was a good predictor of the metabolic status of the thyroid. |
| 2002/07 Effect of Region of Interest Selection and Uptake Measurement on Glomerular Filtration Rate Measured by 99mTc-Dtpa Scintigraphy in Dogs Determinations of different methods of measurement of uptake of 99mTc-DTPA using scintigraphy of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were made from 29 studies on 10 healthy beagle dogs. GFR was measured by calculating the percentage dose uptake (integral method) and rate of uptake (slope method) of 99mTc-DTPA using manual kidney regions of interest (ROI) and automatic kidney and background ROIs at different time periods of the uptake phase. |
| 2002/03 An Infected Hip Prosthesis in a Dog Diagnosed with a 99mTc-Ciprofloxacin (Infecton) Scan This case report describes the use of the 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceutical ciprofloxacin (Infecton) in a case of hip prosthesis loosening in a dog. Serial planar radiographs were not conclusive, and culture of the synovial fluid was negative. Antibiotic treatment did not result in improvement of the lameness. Scintigraphy was performed with 99-Tc-Infecton, a tracer claimed to be specific for infection. Antibiotic treatment was interrupted 6 weeks prior to the examination. Planar and tomographic images at 3 h and at 24 h postinjection showed increased activity along the acetabulum and the proximal femoral bone surrounding the femoral prosthesis, indicating focal infection. Bacteriology performed after removal of the implant revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
| 2001/Sep-Oct The Effect of Methimazole on Thyroid Uptake of Pertechnetate and Radioiodine in Normal Cats Many hyperthyroid cats referred for thyroid imaging and 131I therapy are concurrently or recently receiving antithyroid medications. The effect of the antithyroid drug, methimazole, on thyroid uptake of 99mTcO4 and 123I was evaluated in 8 normal cats. Quantitative analysis was used to determine the normal percent dose uptake of 99mTcO4 and 123I, the change in thyroid:salivary ratios (T:S) of 99-TcO4 over time, and the duration of the methimazole effect on thyroid uptake of 123I. |
| 2001/09 The Effect of a Combination of Medetomidine-Butorphanol and Medetomidine, Butorphanol, Atropine on Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs The effects of intramuscularly administered medetomidine and butorphanol (MB), and medetomidine, butorphanol, atropine (MBA) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined in six dogs as measured by 99m-Tc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) nuclear scintigraphy. Direct systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate were measured at regular time intervals before, during, and after GFR calculations. |
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| 2001/06 99m Tc-Pertechnetate Scintigraphy in Hyperthyroid Cats with Normal Serum Thyroxine Concentrations (Abstract) 99mTc-PERTECHNETATE SCINTIGRAPHY IN HYPERTHYROID CA TS WITH NORMAL SERUM THYROXINE CONCENTRATIONS. K. Tomsa1, R. Hardegger2, T. Glaus1, C. Reusch1. 1Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, and 2Polyclinic for Nuclear Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland We previously reported, that hyperthyroid cats suffering from severe non- thyroidal illness (sick hyperthyroid cats) were indistinguishable from sick euthyroid cats based on serum T4 and on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test. Limitation of the TRH stimulation test was mainly poor specificity. |
| 2001/04 Evaluation of Interoperator Variance in Shunt Fraction Calculation after Transcolonic Scintigraphy for Diagnosis of Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs and Cats OBJECTIVE: To determine interoperator variance in shunt fraction calculation. DESIGN: Case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: 101 transrectal portoscintigraphic studies. PROCEDURE: Results of dynamic portoscintigraphic studies were reviewed by 4 radiologists without knowledge of signalment, history, or medical profile. Results were judged to be negative or positive on the basis of the dynamic scan. Composite images were formulated, and hand-drawn regions of interest were determined for the heart and liver. |
| 2001/01 Quantitative Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in Normal Cats and in Cats with Experimental Cholangiohepatitis Quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-mebrofenin was performed on eight normal cats and on the same cats after induction of experimental cholangiohepatitis by infection with the liver fluke Platynosomum concinnum. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was performed 3 times at 10 weeks, 4 months and 6 months after infection. In addition, routine biochemical tests, hepatic ultrasound and ultrasound guided hepatic biopsy samples were obtained at the same time points, and the results compared with hepatobiliary scintigraphy. |
| 2000/09 Double-Phase Parathyroid Scintigraphy in Dogs Using Technetium-99m-Sestamibi The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of double-phase parathyroid scintigraphy using 99mTc-sestamibi for detecting and localizing hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands in hypercalcemic dogs. Fifteen hypercalcemic dogs that underwent parathyroid scintigraphy were included in this study: 3 dogs with hypercalcemia of malignancy, and 12 dogs with hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue (parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia). |
| 2000/09 Ancillary Equipment to Increase Quality and Reduce Radiation Exposure in the Equine Nuclear Medicine Laboratory The construction of ancillary equipment used to improve image quality and reduce personnel radiation exposure in the equine nuclear medicine laboratory is illustrated. The devices include a self supporting lead sheet for shielding the distal limb or limb pair, a hanging lead sheet for shielding the proximal limb, a lead square for shielding the urinary bladder or jugular catheter, a restraining board for acquiring a palmar view of the foot, a head support to stabilize the head for imaging and a head support for stabilizing the neck for imaging. The restraining board and head supports decrease patient motion, improve image quality, and decrease the number of repeat acquisitions so that the time to perform the complete study is shortened. The self supporting shielding device allows the handlers to increase their distance from the horse which enhances radiation safety. |
| 2000/07 Scintigraphic Detection of Equine Orthopedic Infection Using Tc-Hmpao Labeled Leukocytes in 14 Horses The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of 99mTc-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy (LS) by means of a retrospective review of its use in 14 horses that were evaluated for orthopedic infection as a cause of lameness. A total of 17 LS exams were performed in 14 horses. LS studies were positive in 10 of 14 horses. A bacterial infection was confirmed with cytology or culture in 9 of 10 positive horses. Negative LS studies occurred in 4 of 14 horses. Necropsy confirmed the lack of infection in 2 of the 4 horses. Other clinical data and a favorable clinical outcome supported a negative study in the other 2 horses. No false negative or false positive studies were identified. It may be concluded that HMPAO-LS is an effective tool for the diagnosis of orthopedic infection in horses. |
| 2000/07 Imaging of a Cat with Perirenal Pseudocysts A 16-year-old, neutered male, domestic short hair cat had abdominal distension and systemic hypertension. Radiography, ultrasonography, excretory urography, and renal scintigraphy were performed to establish the diagnosis and implement appropriate treatment. Bilateral perirenal pseudocysts were confirmed surgically and histopathologically. Following bilateral renal capsulectomy, systemic hypertension decreased and global glomerular filtration rate improved to normal limits. Multiple imaging modalities helped establish the diagnosis and guided implementation of appropriate treatment. |
| 1999/Sep-Oct Assessment of Barium Impregnated Polyethylene Spheres (Bips) as a Measure of Solid-Phase Gastric Emptying in Normal Dogs--Comparison to Scintigraphy Barium impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) are radiopaque markers used for investigation of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. One proposed use of the small (1.5 mm) marker is quantitative assessment of solid-phase gastric emptying, which may offer a simple, inexpensive alternative to nuclear medicine studies. In this study the rate and pattern of gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal containing 30 small BIPS was evaluated in normal dogs by simultaneous comparison of the radiopaque marker method and a scintigraphic method. Serial scintigraphic images and radiographs were obtained for 8 hours or until 95% of the markers had left the stomach. Emptying curves were constructed and statistical analyses performed. There were significant differences in gastric emptying times and lag phase characteristics between the BIPS and scintigraphic studies. These results indicate that in normal dogs there are differences in both the rate and the pattern of solid-phase gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal as assessed by scintigraphy and the gastric emptying of small BIPS. |
| 1999/12 Feline Hyperthyroidism in Cats with Normal T4 Levels: The Importance of Scintigraphy Purpose: To compare T4 levels and thyroid scintigraphy in the evaluation of feline hyperthyroidism. Emphasis was placed on the scintigraphic results of cats with normal T4 levels as well as evaluating a new method of scintigraphic analysis. |
| 1999/12 Correlation of Thyroid Scintigraphy with Long Term Response to Radioiodine Therapy in Hyperthyroid Cats (1992- 1998) Introduction: Feline hyperthyroidism was first recognized in 1979 and is now the most frequently diagnosed endocrinopathy in cats. Many studies have evaluated dose and response to radioiodine therapy; however, no strong factors have been identified as predictors of treatment outcome, either from pretreatment or short-term follow-up data. The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine if specific factors are predictive of response to radioiodine therapy in hyperthyroid cats. |
| 1999/11 Renal Nuclear Medicine: A Review Renal nuclear medicine is used to evaluate renal function and morphology. Renal scintigraphy is the best imaging modality for evaluation of functional parameters such as glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow. The commonly used renal radiopharmaceuticals are reviewed. Both imaging and non-imaging techniques are presented. Specific applications of renal nuclear medicine are discussed. |
| 1999/09 Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Volume in Dogs with Congenital Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies before and after Surgical Ligation Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal volume were evaluated in dogs with confirmed portosystemic vascular anomalies (PSVA) before and after surgical ligation of their PSVA. Pre- and postligation CBC, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, abdominal ultrasonography with measurement of renal volume, and per rectal scintigraphy were performed to document resolution of abnormalities consistent with portosystemic shunting. |
| 1999/03 Scintigraphic Diagnosis of Insulinoma in a Dog Diagnosis of insulin-secreting tumors of the pancreas can usually be made on the basis of endocrine testing and exclusion of other causes of hyperinsulinism. In dogs, these tumors have a poor long-term prognosis due to a high rate of metastases and recurrence; staging (and therefore prognosticating) is difficult and usually done at the time of surgery. The purpose of this article is to describe a canine patient with an insulinoma, discuss the diagnostic imaging options for tumor evaluation and mention future directions for therapy. Insulinoma was suspected in an 8-year-old intact male Irish Setter. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using indium In-111 pentetreotide was performed and an area of increased radiopharmaceutical accumulation was found craniomedial to the right kidney. At surgery a small mass lesion in the pancreas and a larger, closely associated mass involving a mesenteric lymph node were removed. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of insulinoma with regional lymph node metastasis. The dog recovered from surgery and remained normal fourteen months later. |
| 1999/03 Evaluation of Solid Phase Radiolabels of Dog Food for Gastric Emptying 99mTc-Pertechnetate, 99mTc-mebrofenin, 99mTc-disofenin, 99mTc-sulfur colloid, and 99mTc-Dowex resin beads were evaluated for in vitro stability as a label for both dry extruded, and canned dog food for gastric emptying scintigraphy. A sample of each radiolabeled diet was added to water, gastric juice, intestinal juice, or gastric juice followed by intestinal juice for in vitro digestion. After a 3-hour digestion period, tubes were centrifuged and percentage solid phase retention (%SPR) was calculated. The experiment was repeated three times over a 14-day period to minimize day-to-day variation. For dry dog food, 99mTc-mebrofenin and 99mTc-disofenin had similar %SPR in water (96 and 93%, respectively) and gastric juice (>95% each) and were significantly higher than other labels. For canned dog food, mebrofenin had a 91% SPR for the water or gastric juice digestions, and 99mTc-Dowex had a %SPR of >99%. 99mTc-mebrofenin and 99mTc-Dowex were also tested in vivo, where 99mTc-Dowex had poor stability, and 99mTc-Mebrofenin had excellent stability. 99mTc-Mebrofenin is a suitable label for dog food for gastric emptying scintigraphy. |
| 1999/01 Comparison of Gastric Emptying Times in Healthy Cats Simultaneously Evaluated with Radiopaque Markers and Nuclear Scintigraphy Gastric emptying in 18 healthy cats was assessed simultaneously using scintigraphy and barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS). Canned Prescription Diet Feline c/d (Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS) labeled with 99mTc-disofenin (Hepatolite, DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Billerica, Mass.) was fed on four separate days. Scintigraphic images were obtained at time 0 and then every 30 minutes to 6 hours. |
| 1998/11 Abnormal Bone Scan Findings of the Equine Ischial Tuberosity and Third Trochanter Obtaining high-quality radiographs of the proximal aspect of equine limbs is difficult because of the large muscles in these regions. The use of scintigraphy may provide further information. Abnormal bone scan findings of the ischial tuberosity or the third trochanter were found in 29 adult horses with obscure hind limb lameness between 1986 and 1996 at the Large Animal Clinic of the University of Bern. Each had abnormal radiopharmaceutical uptake but not all had radiographic changes. Radiopharmaceutical uptake ratios between the ischial tuberosity and the greater trochanter were calculated. The uptake ratio in a control group of 11 clinically sound horses was lower than in 11 lame horses with subjectively enhanced radiopharmaceutical uptake. |
| 1998/09 Evaluation of Renal Hemodynamics in Awake and Isoflurane-Anesthetized Cats with Pulsed-Wave Doppler and Quantitative Renal Scintigraphy The feasibility and reproducibility of obtaining the pulsed-wave Doppler measurements of resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were investigated in intrarenal arteries of normal, nonsedated cats, and cats anesthetized with isoflurane. In addition, relative renal function and relative renal blood flow were evaluated using quantitative renal scintigraphy. The percentage of injected dose uptake, time to peak activity, and two indices of renal blood flow (K/A ratio and flow index) obtained during the first pass of 99mTc-MAG3, were determined for both awake and anesthetized cats. Results indicate that measuring RI and PI in nonsedated cats is readily accomplished and that the results are reproducible within an animal. Mean RI and PI values in the awake cats were 0.55 and 0.8, respectively. Significant differences between the awake and anesthetized cats were found for all pulsed-wave Doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphic measurements evaluated. |
| 1998/07 Imaging a Spinal Fracture in a Kohaku Koi (Cyprinus Carpio): Techniques and Case History Report An ornamental pet fish was diagnosed with a spinal fracture and subluxation involving truncal vertebrae 5 and 6 (T5-T6) using conventional radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and computed tomography. Attempts to evaluate the dynamic nature of the lesion using conventional fluoroscopy in the unanesthetized, moving patient were unsuccessful. Adaptation of imaging techniques to accommodate a fish patient was not difficult and diagnostic images were obtained. The use of multiple imaging techniques was useful in the diagnosis and determination of the treatment plan of the spinal fracture in this patient. |
| 1998/05 Hydrothorax Secondary to a Perinephric Pseudocyst in a Cat Hydrothorax was identified in a 14-year-old Siamese cat with a pre-existent perinephric pseudocyst. The pleural fluid was classified as a low-protein transudate. Intrapseudocystic scintigraphy confirmed a direct communication between the pseudocyst and the pleural space. The hydrothorax resolved following pseudocystectomy and unilateral nephrectomy, demonstrating that the pseudocyst caused the hydrothorax. |
| 1998/05 Detection of Portal Blood Flow Using Per-Rectal 99mTc-Pertechnetate Scintigraphy in Normal Cats This study reports data obtained from per-rectal 99mTc-pertechnetate portal scintigraphy in normal cats. It examines the effects of chemical restraint and the methods employed in defining regions of interest (ROIs) on the shunt index derived from this data. Six normal cats were used for the study; all six were chemically restrained for imaging using propofol and later four of them were manually restrained for comparison. Portal blood flow was studied and the mean shunt index was found to be 5.9% +/- 3.9 when ROIs were operator defined and 9.2% +/- 4.4 when ROIs were defined using an isocontour program. In cats that were restrained using propofol and operator defined ROIs, the mean value for the time between detection of radioactivity in the liver and in the heart was 14 +/- 1 seconds. |
| 1997/07 Quantitative 99mtc-Pertechnetate Thyroid Scintigraphy in Normal Beagles This study was done to investigate the validity of published canine thyroid/salivary (T/S) ratios of approximately 1 in normal dogs and to determine thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate (pertechnetate) measured as percent uptake of injected dose. These parameters were evaluated in 13 Beagle dogs over a 4 hour period. |
| 1997/07 Quantitative 99mTc-Pertechnetate Thyroid Scintigraphy in Normal Beagles This study was done to investigate the validity of published canine thyroid/salivary (T/S) ratios of approximately 1 in normal dogs and to determine thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate (pertechnetate) measured as percent uptake of injected dose. These parameters were evaluated in 13 Beagle dogs over a 4 hour period. Mean +/- standard deviation (SD) and median T/S ratios of 1.2 +/- 0.3 and 1.1 were essentially the same at twenty minutes and 1 hour. T/S values ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 at 20 minutes and from 0.8 to 2.4 at 1 hour. T/S ratio values progressively declined over the subsequent time intervals with mean +/- SD and median values of 0.6 +/- 0.2 and 0.6, respectively, measured at 4 hours. The mean +/- SD maximum percent dose uptake of pertechnetate within the thyroid gland was 0.55% +/- 0.15% with a range of 0.28% to 0.90%. The mean +/- SD time interval from injection of pertechnetate to maximum uptake within the thyroid gland was 160 +/- 55 minutes with a range 31-240 minutes. The data derived from this study of normal dogs may be useful in the evaluation of dogs with thyroidal diseases including hypothyroidism. |
| 1997/05 Scintigraphic Evaluation of Four Dogs with Protein-Losing Enteropathy Using 111indium-Labeled Transferrin The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical utility of 111In-labeled transferrin (111In-TF) scintigraphy for evaluating dogs suspected of having protein-losing enteropathies. Four dogs were injected intravenously with autologous 111In-TF after 30 min incubation (at 37 degrees C) of 18.5 MBq (0.5 mCi) 111InCl3 with one ml of autologous plasma. Serial right lateral, left lateral and dorsal images were obtained 2, 4, and 24 hours post 111In-TF administration. Images were subjectively evaluated for the presence or absence of 111In-TF within the gastrointestinal tract. |
| 1997/05 Scintigraphic Assessment of Distal Extremity Perfusion in 17 Patients To assess the role of scintigraphic evaluation of distal limb perfusion, the medical records and scintigraphic perfusion images of 17 animals (8 dogs, 2 cats, 2 calves, 4 birds and 1 ferret) with clinical signs of distal limb ischemia were examined retrospectively. Images were obtained at 5 and 10 minutes following injection of 99mTc-MDP, or 99mTc-DTPA. The initial scintigraphic diagnoses of 17 animals included complete ischemia (8/17), partially reduced perfusion (5/17), and normal to increased perfusion (4/17). In 4 of the animals with partially reduced perfusion, follow-up scans indicated progression to complete ischemia (1/4) or normal to increased perfusion (3/4). Nine of 17 animals had a final scintigraphic diagnosis of complete distal limb ischemia, and these animals were either euthanized (5/9) or had limb amputation (4/9). A final diagnosis of complete ischemia was supported with either repeat scanning (3/10), continued clinical observation (6/10) and/or pathological examination (10/10). Clinical signs of ischemia resolved in all (7/17) animals with increased or normal perfusion on their final scan. Scintigraphy provided a safe and noninvasive assessment of distal limb perfusion, which corresponded with clinical outcome. |
| 1997/05 First-Pass Radionuclide Angiography in the Diagnosis of Aortoiliac Thromboembolism in a Horse First-pass radionuclide angiography of the terminal aorta was performed in 3 normal horses and a 6-year-old Standardbred intact male with aortoiliac thromboembolism. Thromboembolism caused chronic bilateral hind limb lameness, more severe in the right hind limb, was detected by rectal examination, and confirmed using transrectal ultrasonography. Using 99mTc-HDP, first-pass radionuclide angiography was combined with hind limb and pelvis bone (delayed) scintigraphy and revealed marked reduction in blood flow through both external iliac arteries and absence of blood flow in the internal iliac arteries. Quantitative analysis showed a decreased activity in the right iliac vessels in the clinic patient consistent with reduced blood flow when compared to control horses. First-pass radionuclide angiography provided a method to obtain diagnostic images of the terminal aorta and branches and a method to diagnose aortoiliac thromboembolism in the horse. |
| 1997/03 Application of the Pin-Hole Collimator in Small Animal Nuclear Scintigraphy: A Review The pin-hole collimator is used to improve spatial resolution and magnify areas of interest. The pin-hole collimator has many applications in small animal veterinary scintigraphy. The principles of image formation for the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators are reviewed. The effects of distance on resolution and sensitivity are presented for the pin-hole and parallel hole collimators. Specific application of the pin-hole collimator in veterinary scintigraphy are discussed. |
| 1996/09 Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in the Evaluation of Feline Liver Disease Hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) was performed in 10 cats with histologically documented hepatobiliary disease. The scintigraphic patterns were classified into one of 5 categories: normal, primary hepatocellular dysfunction, primary intrahepatic cholestasis, mixed hepatocellular and intrahepatic cholestasis, and extrahepatic obstructive patterns. Initial attempts were made to correlate specific disease entities with HBS patterns, but a consistent relationship could not be determined. |
| 1996/09 A Method for Controlling Portal Pressure after Attenuation of Intrahepatic Portacaval Shunts Two dogs had right divisional intrahepatic portacaval shunts within the right lateral lobe of the liver. In both dogs, an extrahepatic portacaval vascular anastomosis was created, using an autologous right external jugular vein graft. The intrahepatic shunts were completely attenuated using a prehepatic intravascular caval approach. The creation of the vascular graft allowed postattenuation rises in portal pressure to be controlled, preventing the development of life threatening portal hypertension. Both dogs recovered from the procedure. One dog is clinically normal and does not require medication (8 months postoperatively); the other dog was euthanatized 5 months after surgery because of renal failure. Scintigraphy studies, performed before surgery, showed significant shunting of portal blood away from the liver (shunt indices 65% and 59%), whereas, similar studies done 4 weeks afterwards showed almost normal portal blood flow (shunt indices 16% and 18%, respectively). |
| 1996/07 Characterization of Hepatoportal Microvascular Dysplasia in a Kindred of Cairn Terriers Hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia (MVD), a congenital disorder of the hepatic vasculature, is described in a kindred of Cairn Terrier dogs. Cairn Terrier dogs (n = 165) were evaluated using the serum bile acid test. Affected dogs, identified by abnormal fasting or postprandial serum bile acid concentrations, were divided into 2 groups. |
| 1996/05 Quantitative Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy with Deconvolutional Analysis for the Measuremetn of Hepatic Function in Dogs A nuclear medicine procedure that has been used for quantification of hepatocyte function in man is applied and validated in the dog. This procedure employs deconvolutional analysis of liver and heart time activity curves obtained following peripheral intravenous injection of hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical. The deconvolutional analysis simulates a bolus injection of the radiopharmaceutical into the afferent blood supple of the liver which permits the calculation of the hepatic extraction fraction. Hepatic extraction fraction is a measure of hepatocyte function. In this report, the deconvolutional analysis via fast Fourier transformations and subsequent calculation of hepatic extraction fraction is validated by direct afferent intravascular ijection of 99mTc-mebrofenin. |
| 1996/05 A Review of Equine Renal Imaging Techniques Radiography has a limited role in the evaluation of the kidneys in foals and adult horses. Ultrasonography is the current method of choice for structural evaluation of the kidneys in horses as it provides additional information to standard serum chemistry and urinalysis evaluation. A variety of structural abnormalities have been identified in diseased equine kidneys with the use of ultrasound. Ultrasound guided renal biopsy is the preferred method for performing renal biopsy in the horse. |
| 1996/03 Scintigraphic Detection of Subcutaneous Metastasis in a Dog with Appendicular Osteosarcoma This report describes the detection of subclinical soft tissue metastasis of an appendicular osteosarcoma in a dog using bone scintigraphy. A 7-year-old spayed female Rottweiler was presented with a biopsy confirmed diagnosis of osteosarcoma. Initial radiographs revealed an aggressive bone lesion of the left distal radius. At presentation, there was no clinical or radiographic evidence of metastasis; however, a nuclear bone scan showed the primary bone lesion of the distal left radius and numerous soft tissue lesions consistent with diffuse soft tissue metastases. |
| 1996/03 Feline Hyperthyroidism: Efficacy of Treatment Using Volumetric Analysis for Radioiodine Dose Calculation Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 80 cats with thyroid scintigraphy using technetium pertechnetate. These cats were subsequently treated with radioiodine using a modified fixed dose method based on the volume of hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue calculated from the pertechnetate scans. The medical records and thyroid scintigrams were evaluated retrospectively. Follow-up was obtained on the cats to evaluate treatment success. Several parameters were evaluated in an attempt to identify a difference between treatment success and failure. |
| 1996/01 Splenic Sequestration Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Renal Imaging Ii: Morphology Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Renal Imaging I: Functional Renal Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Pulmonary Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Myocardial Imaging Ii: Functional Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Myocardial Imaging I: Perfusion and Metabolic Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Mucociliary Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Lymphoscintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Hepatic Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Gastrointestinal Scintigraphy |
| 1996/01 Conventional(Planar) Brain Scintigraphy |
| 1995/04 Response to High-Dose Radioactive Iodine Administration in Cats with Thyroid Carcinoma That Had Previously Undergone Surgery Summary: Seven cats with thyroid carcinomas that had previously undergone surgical removal of neoplastic tissue were treated with 30 mCi of radioactive iodine (I-131). Six of the cats had clinical signs hyperthyroidism; 1 did not. There were no complications associated with I3ll treatment, and clinical signs resolved in all cats. |
| 1995/01 Splenic Sequestration Scintigraphy in the Dog: A Comparison of Denaturing Techniques Five mixed-breed dogs underwent splenic sequestration scintigraphy following intravenous injection of 647.5 to 740 MBq (17.5-20 mCi) of 99mTechnetium labeled autologous red blood cells (RBCs) that had been chemically denatured using two micro grams of stannous chloride. Left lateral dynamic images were obtained for 20 minutes after injection. Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn around the splenic body and ventral extremity, ventral liver and caudal abdominal great vessels and time activity curves created. |
| 1994/11 Technetium-99m and Iodine-131 Thyroid Scintigraphy in Normal and Radiothyroidectomized Cockatiels (Nymphicus Hollandicus) Thyroid scintigraphy using sodium 99mTechnetium pertechnetate (99TcO4-) was performed in normal and radiothyroidectomized cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). 131I scintigraphy was performed in the course of ablating the thyroid glands. The thyroid glands in normal birds were clearly visualized, but were not individually resolvable. Thyroid glands were not visualized in thyroid-ablated birds. With 99mTcO4 scans, thyroid (or other region of interest)/body count density ratios were used for comparisons of normal and thyroid-ablated birds. Normal 99mTcO4- thyroid/body ratios (mean +/- SD) for the dorsal and lateral views were 1.83 +/- 0.31 and 1.70 +/- 0.34 respectively. Pertechnetate thyroid/body count density ratios decreased (to 0.93 +/- 0.14 and 0.88 +/- 0.12 for dorsal and lateral views respectively) after thyroid ablation, while crop/body ratios increased. 99mTcO4- thyroid scintigraphy, therefore, was capable of detecting hypofunctional thyroid abnormalities in 131I radiothyroidectomized cockatiels. |
| 1994/07 Quantitative Aspects of Thyroid Scintigraphy with Pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) in Cats Thyroidal 99mTcO4- (pertechnetate) uptake percentages were determined in unanesthetized euthyroid (n = 13) and hyperthyroid (n = 18) cats. Maximal uptakes were observed 60 minutes after IV injection of the radionuclide and ranged from 0.3 to 3.9% of the dose in euthyroid cats (median 2.23%) and from 5.2% to 23.9% of the dose in hyperthyroid cats (median 14.8%) (P < .05). There were no overlaps in pertechnetate uptake percentages during any of the intervals evaluated. It is concluded that the optimal time for visualization of the thyroid by 99mTcO4(-)-scanning is 60 minutes after IV injection of the radionuclide. Calculation of the percentage uptake is of additional diagnostic value. |
| 1994/07 Influence of Inhaled Smoke from Upper Respiratory Laser Surgery Endoscopic tracheal lavage cytology was evaluated before and 24 hours after standing transendoscopic laser surgery of the upper airway in 18 horses (9 patients undergoing Neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet [Nd:YAG] surgery and 9 non-patient horses undergoing argon surgery). Paired endoscopic tracheal lavages taken 24 hours apart were evaluated in six control horses to determine if the lavage technique influenced the cytology. After 24 hours, no inflammation was noted in three, mild inflammation was noted in six and suppurative inflammation in four surgically treated horses. |
| 1994/05 Nuclear Medicine of the Thyroid Gland. Scintigraphy and Radioiodine Therapy Nuclear medicine may have both diagnostic and therapeutic utility during the evaluation and management of thyroid disease. This article will focus on the use of radionuclide scintigraphy and radioactive iodine therapy in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease in the dog and cat. |
| 1994/03 Bone Scintigraphy for Metastasis Detection in Canine Osteosarcoma The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of serial bone scintigraphy in the detection of skeletal and extraskeletal metastases in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. Twenty-six dogs with primary, appendicular osteosarcoma were entered into a limb-sparing protocol. Bone scintigraphy was performed upon presentation, after neoadjuvant therapy but prior to surgery and at selective intervals after limb-sparing surgery to evaluate for the presence of metastasis. Thoracic radiographs, and radiographs of other sites, were also made at the time of each bone scan. All dogs had a complete necropsy. |
| 1994/03 99mtc-Pertechnetate Imaging of Thyroid Tumors in Dogs: 29 Cases (1980-1992) Thyroid gland scintigraphy was performed in 29 dogs with histologically confirmed thyroid tumors. Twenty dogs were female, and 9 were male. Median age was 10 years. Of the 29 dogs, 21 were initially examined because of cervical swelling or a cervical mass. Of the 29 tumors, 24 were thyroid adenocarcinomas, 1 was a C-cell carcinoma, 3 were undifferentiated carcinomas, and 1 was a thyroid adenoma. |
| 1994/01 Ultrasonographic Examination of the Thyroid Gland of Hyperthyroid Cats: Comparison to 99mTc Scintigraphy High-resolution ultrasonography was evaluated as an alternative to 99mTcO-4 scintigraphy for examining size and appearance of thyroid glands in hyperthyroid cats. Thyroid ultrasound examinations were performed on 6 normal cats and 14 cats with hyperthyroidism. Thyroid lobe volume was estimated from ultrasound images using the equation for a prolate ellipsoid, pi/6 (length * height * width). Total thyroid volume was estimated by adding the volume estimations of the left and right lobes. |
| 1994/01 Retrospective Analysis of Brain Scintigraphy in 116 Dogs and Cats We performed a retrospective study of 100 dogs and 16 cats with planar brain scintigraphy and histopathologically established diagnoses from a total of 485 studies performed from 1976 to 1992. Necropsy (112) or surgical biopsies (4) diagnoses were categorized in two ways: first as focal brain disease, diffuse brain disease or normal; second as either neoplastic, non-neoplastic or normal. A radiologist reviewed brain scintigrams and categorized the studies as focal areas of increased accumulation, diffuse or poorly localized areas of increased accumulation, or normal. We calculated for this population of 116 animals that focal brain scintigrams had 75% sensitivity and 90% specificity for any focal brain disease. The sensitivity and specificity of a focal scintigraphic lesion for a brain tumor was 72% and 82% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of a diffuse or poorly localized scintigraphic lesion as a test for diffuse brain disease was 40% and 88% respectively. |
| 1994/01 Pulmonary Mineralization in Four Dogs with Cushing's Syndrome The clinical and imaging features of four dogs with Cushing's syndrome and pulmonary mineralization are reviewed. Three dogs presented with a primary complaint of respiratory distress/dyspnea. Three dogs had pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome, while the remaining one dog had iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome. Each dog had clinical features typical for Cushing's syndrome. Two of the dogs were euthanized due to progressive hypoxemia. In each dog, the serum calcium, phosphorous, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were normal. A generalized increase in unstructured interstitial pulmonary opacity with diffuse mineralization was noted on thoracic radiographs of all dogs. In one dog, an ill-defined nodular interstitial pattern of mineralization was present. Delayed bone phase scintigraphy using 99mTechnetium methylene diphosphonate documented generalized pulmonary uptake in two dogs. 99mTechnetium labeled microaggregated albumin lung perfusion scans were normal in these two dogs. 99mTc-MDP scintigraphy can provide useful information in diagnosing pulmonary mineralization in Cushingoid dogs. |
| 1993/09 The Appearance of Pleural Effusion with Sodium Pertechnetate (99mTco4) Thyroid Scintigraphy |
| 1993/07 Hypertrophic Osteopathy Characterized by Nuclear Scintigraphy in a Horse A five year old American Saddlebred gelding was admitted to the University of Illinois Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a history of multiple leg lameness, depression and intermittent fever for a duration of six months. Physical examination revealed the horse to be underweight, depressed and afebrile. No abnormalities were detected during auscultation of the heart and lungs. All limbs possessed multiple hard swellings of the distal long bones and digits. The horse walked with a stiff gait and was reluctant to trot. Nuclear scintigraphy of the distal limbs revealed multiple areas of focally increased uptake in all limbs. Radiographs of several sites on the distal limbs showed evidence of periosteal new bone production corresponding to the areas of abnormal uptake. The horse was euthanized and at necropsy chronic, multifocal, fibrous pericarditis and epicarditis were observed grossly. The left atrial myocardium contained areas of osseous metaplasia. Histological evaluation of the distal long bones revealed proliferative periosteal new bone formation consistent with a diagnosis of hypertrophic osteopathy. |
| 1993/05 Influence of Systemic Nonthyroidal Illness on Serum Concentration of Thyroxine in Hyperthyroid Cats BACKGROUND: Clinical findings indicative of hyperthyroidism are less common in cats with concurrent severe nonthyroidal illness than in cats without concurrent nonthyroidal illness. Nonthyroidal illness (NTI) can lower serum thyroid hormone concentrations in hyperthyroid as well as euthyroid cats. |
| 1993/01 Use of I-123 Iodine Metaiodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy for the Diagnosis of a Pheochromocytoma in a Dog A 13-year-old neutered female Yorkshire terrier presented with a history of progressive episodic weakness and disorientation of 4 months duration. Physical and neurologic examinations were normal at presentation. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a mass involving the right adrenal gland. Standard planar scintigraphy was performed at 4, 18, and 24 hours after intravenous injection 185 MBq (5mCi) of 123I-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG). An area of focal intense uptake was identified in the area of the right adrenal gland. A pheochromocytoma was confirmed histologically after surgical excision. |
| 1992/08 Relationship between Quantitative Tumor Scintigraphy and Time to Metastasis in Dogs with Osteosarcoma Parameters that predict tumor aggressiveness or response to therapy are potentially useful in selecting the most appropriate treatment. In theory, the biologic aggressiveness of an untreated bone tumor may be reflected in bone scan parameters. The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of bone scintigraphy as a predictive indicator of subsequent metastasis in 25 dogs with primary osteosarcoma. Dogs received radiotherapy and/or intra-arterial cisplatin prior to limb-sparing surgery. |
| 1992/07 Use of Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction in Dogs and Cats: 25 Cases (1982-1989) Twenty-five animals (21 dogs and 4 cats) in which hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) was performed between 1982 and 1989 were included in a retrospective study to determine the utility of HBS for diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Final diagnoses, which were based on liver biopsy results and surgical findings in all animals, were hepatocellular disease alone (n = 17), hepatocellular disease and extrahepatic biliary obstruction (n = 7), and normal liver (n = 1). Hepatobiliary scintigraphy was performed by use of 99mTc-diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid in all cases. |
| 1992/03 Enlarging Bilateral Femoral Condylar Bone Cysts without Scintigraphic Uptake in a Yearling Foal Bilateral subchondral bone cysts of the femoral condyles were diagnosed by conventional radiography in a 14 month old Appaloosa colt. Surgical debridement was performed, and over the next 18 months the appearance of the cysts was evaluated with radiography and bone scintigraphy. On the preoperative scintigrams, increased radiopharmaceutical uptake was associated with the cysts. Despite continued radiographic enlargement, the cysts did not demonstrate increased radiopharmaceutical uptake post-operatively. |
| 1991/09 The Effects of Intra-Articular Anesthesia on Soft Tissue-and Bone-Phase Scintigraphy in the Horse Soft tissue- and bone-phase scintigrams were acquired from 4 normal horses before and over a 14-day period after metacarpophalangeal, antebrachiocarpal, tarsocrural and tarsometatarsal joint blocks. Images were evaluated subjectively and quantitatively for increased activity in these regions. The antebrachiocarpal block resulted in obvious focal accumulation of activity on soft tissue-phase scintigrams. |
| 1991/05 Thyroid Scintigraphy in Small Animals |
| 1991/05 The Effects of Regional Perineural Anesthesia on Soft Tissue and Bone Phase Scintigraphy in the Horse Soft tissue phase scintigrams were acquired from 7 normal horses before and over a 17-day period after palmar digital, abaxial sesamoid, low palmar and high palmar nerve blocks. Bone phase scintigrams were acquired from 4 additional horses prior to performing similar regional anesthesia and over a 14-day period postanesthesia. Images were evaluated subjectively and quantitatively for increased activity in nerve block regions. |
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1991/03 |
| 1990/07 Comparison of Per-Rectal Portal Scintigraphy Using 99m Technetium Pertechnetate to Mesenteric Injection of Radioactive Microspheres for Quantification of Portosystemic Shunts in an Experimental Dog Model Per-rectal portal scintigraphy using tech-netium-99m pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) was performed in 8 normal dogs before and after surgical creation of a portacaval shunt. Shunt fractions were calculated by computer assisted analysis of dynamic images (IMG) and compared to shunt fractions determined by mesenteric venous injection of radioactive microspheres (MIC). |
| 1990/02 Quantitative Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy as a Measure of Bile Flow in Dogs with Cholestatic Disease In 25 dogs with spontaneous cholestatic disease, the hepatobiliary dynamics were evaluated by use of scintigraphy and a 99mTc-labeled iminodiacetate (IDA) derivative. Hyperbilirubinemia existed in all dogs, with serum total bilirubin concentration ranging from 6 to 262 mumol/L. An appropriate compartmental model was used to characterize the liver time-activity curves. Model-dependent variables for hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of radiolabeled IDA were found to reliably represent the underlying physiologic processes. |
| 1990/02 Quantitation of the Hepatobiliary Dynamics in Clinically Normal Dogs by Use of 99mTc-Iminodiacetate Excretory Scintigraphy The hepatobiliary dynamics of a 99mTc-labeled derivative of iminodiacetate were investigated in 29 healthy dogs. A 2-compartment model proved to be adequate to describe the hepatic time-activity curve. Model-derived variables for the hepatic accumulation and the biliary excretion and transport were used as a reference for evaluation of a number of commonly used measurements directly derived from hepatic and biliary time-activity curves (graphic variables). |
| 1989/Jan The Use of 99mTc Radioaerosol Ventilation and Macroaggregated Albumin Perfusion Imaging for the Detection of Pulmonary Emboli in the Dog This study was undertaken to design protocol for use of radioaerosol of technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) for ventilation imaging as clinical tool in the dog and to evaluate imaging characteristics in both normal dogs and dogs with simulated pulmonary embolism. |
| 1989/11 Lymph Node Uptake of 99mTc-Mdp During Bone Scintigraphy in Dogs Localization of 99mTc-MDP in lymph nodes was apparent on the three-hour bone-scan image in seven dogs. In six dogs injection or leakage of the radiopharmaceutical into the perivascular tissues was associated with subsequent uptake in an ipsilateral lymph node. In the remaining dog, 99mTc-MDP localized in a lymph node infiltrated by metastatic osteosarcoma. This aided staging of the tumor. Possible mechanisms of 99mTc-MDP localization in soft tissues are briefly reviewed. |
| 1989/07 A Comparison of Pulmonary Angiography, Digital Subtraction Angiography, and 99mTc-Dtpa/Maa Ventilation-Perfusion Scintigraphy for Detection of Experimental Pulmonary Emboli in the Dog The abilities of pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction angiography and ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q) to detect experimental acute pulmonary emboli were evaluated in a group of 18 research dogs. Emboli were produced by forceful intravenous injection of clotted blood. In five dogs, emboli were labeled with thallium-201 prior to reinjection so that embolus position could be confirmed on scintigraphic studies. |
| 1989/05 Comparative Organ Imaging: The Gastrointestinal Tract Diagnostic radiology of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, mesentery, and pancreas is reviewed. Survey and contrast radiography remain the principal imaging methods used to evaluate gastrointestinal diseases in animals. Of the other imaging techniques, scintigraphy has potential in assessment of esophageal and gastric motility disorders, and detection of intestinal hemorrhage. Ultrasonography is useful for imaging the pancreas and gastrointestinal mass lesions. |
| 1989/03 Use of Transcolonic 123 I-Iodoamphetamine to Diagnose Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts in 18 Dogs Transcolonic 123I-Iodoamphetamine is rapidly absorbed across the colonic mucosa and binds to amine receptors in the liver and lungs. During the first ten minutes following colonic administration, a simple ratio of lung counts to lung counts plus liver counts provides an accurate estimate of the fraction of portal blood that bypasses hepatic sinusoids in dogs with portosystemic shunts. Studies were performed on 24 dogs with suspect portosystemic shunt. |
| 1989/03 Clinical Use of 99mTc-Mdp Scintigraphy in the Equine Mandible and Maxilla 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) radionuclide imaging examinations were done in four horses having clinical evidence of skull trauma or infection. Radiographs were made of each horse prior to scintigraphy. Four case histories are presented. In each instance, scintigraphy provided complementary information to that obtainable through radiography, which aided in accurately localizing and characterizing the site and extent of abnormalities, and which proved particularly valuable as an aid for therapeutic planning. |
| 1988/01 Scintigraphic Evaluation of Skeletal Disease and Its Application to the Horse Bone scintigraphy is a valuable aid in the evaluation of lameness in horses. This review describes the principles of bone radiolabeling, scanning, and scan interpretation. Examples are used to illustrate how bone imaging can contribute significantly to a diagnosis after equivocal physical examination or radiographic findings. |
| 1987/05 Scintigraphic Gastrointestinal Bleeding Localization with 99mtc-Labeled Red Blood Cells Ten scintigraphic gastrointestinal bleeding localization examinations were done in nine dogs. All dogs had clinical evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding prior to or on the day of the examination. Scintigraphy was done by in vivo labeling of red blood cells with 99mTechnetium and imaging serially with a gamma camera over a 21-hour period. Of the nine dogs, four case history reports are presented. Three of these dogs had positive scintigraphic examinations. One dog had a negative scan but was later shown to have been ingesting material that mimicked the appearance of melena. |
| 1987/01 Stress Fractures of the Humerus, Radius, and Tibia in Horses The medical records, radiographic and nuclear scintigraphic findings of 26 racing horses with 27 stress fracture episodes of the humerus, radius, or tibia were reviewed. The purposes of this study were to describe the radiographic and/or scintigraphic features of stress fractures of the humerus, radius, or tibia, and to evaluate the signalment and history of horses in which stress fracture occurred. Stress fractures of the three long bones examined were primarily seen in 2-and 3-year-old male Thoroughbred horses; commonly, the onset of lameness was immediately following training gallops or racing. |
| 1986/11 Quantitative Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy Using 99mTc-Disida in the Dog Quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-2,6 diisopropylphenylcarbamoylmethyl iminodiacetic acid (DISIDA) was performed in normal dogs. 99mTc-DISIDA is excreted by the hepatocyte into the biliary tract. Hepatic blood flow from arterial and portal venous sources was measured as the hepatic perfusion index. The hepatic clearance of the radiopharmaceutical was used to assess hepatocyte function and parenchymal biliary transport. Biliary ejection was evaluated using synthetic cholecystokinin infusion. The procedure should be useful in evaluating dogs with hepatic and biliary disease. |
| 1986/11 Quantitative Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy Using 99mTc-Disida in the Dog Quantitative hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-2,6 diisopropylphenylcarbamoylmethyl iminodiacetic acid (DISIDA) was performed in normal dogs. 99mTc-DISIDA is excreted by the hepatocyte into the biliary tract. Hepatic blood flow from arterial and portal venous sources was measured as the hepatic perfusion index. The hepatic clearance of the radiopharmaceutical was used to assess hepatocyte function and parenchymal biliary transport. Biliary ejection was evaluated using synthetic cholecystokinin infusion. The procedure should be useful in evaluating dogs with hepatic and biliary disease. |
| 1986/09 Canine Ventral Body Wall Lymphoscintigraphy The scintigraphic characteristics of lymph nodes draining the ventral body wall were analyzed in 12 dogs as to their pattern of appearance and image contrast. Each dog was scanned using 99mTc-antimony sulfide colloid and 99mTc-dextran, and the imaging characteristics of these agents were compared. A large degree of variability exists in the number and pattern of lymph node appearance with either agent. |
| 1986/05 Clinical and Pathologic Features of Thyroid Tumors in 26 Dogs Thyroid tumors were diagnosed in 26 dogs between 1977 and 1984. A total of 23 of the 26 tumors were carcinomas, and 3, detected as incidental findings at necropsy, were adenomas. The median patient age was 9.5 years. Dogs of the Beagle breed were affected most commonly (5 dogs). The most common physical abnormalities in carcinoma patients were cervical swelling, dyspnea, and coughing. |
| 1986/05 Biliary Kinetics of Horses as Determined by Quantitative Nuclear Scintigraphy A technique for hepatobiliary scanning in horses in described. The images acquired were also analyzed by computer, and the normal temporal parameters of the study were described for both fasted and fed horses. No significant differences were found between fasted and fed animals. Maximum activity in the liver was reached within 10 minutes in all cases, and reached 50% of maximum by 36.2 ± 13.8 minutes in fasted horses, and 26.2 ± 4.5 minutes in fed horses. Maximum activity within the bile duct was reached by 14.6 ± 4.2 minutes in fed horses and 18.0 ± 5.7 minutes in fasted horses. The time after injection to 50% of maximum was 30.4 ± 7.1 minutes in fasted horses and 21.0 ± 5.4 minutes in fed horses. This technique shows promise for the evaluation of equine patients with hepatobiliary disease. |
| 1985/07 99mTc-Mdp Combined Blood Pool and Bone Phase Radionuclide Imaging in Papain-Injected Carpal Joints Scintigraphic changes, i.e., increased activity, were induced by 1% papain, dissolved in phosphate-buffered physiologic saline (pH 7.4), injected into one antebrachiocarpal joint in each of eight dogs. Scintigraphic evaluation was by the use of combined blood pool and bone phase scintigraphy of affected and normal carpi over a 28-day period. The qualitative and quantitative scintigraphic appearance in injected carpal joints were very similar in both blood pool and bone phases. The clinical use of combined blood pool and bone phase scintigraphy to diagnose early inflammatory joint changes appears limited. |
| 1983/09 Use of Quantitative Hepatic Scintigraphy to Evaluate Spontaneous Portosystemic Shunts in 12 Dogs Quantitative hepatic scintigraphy is a valid means for estimating total liver blood flow and relative portal hepatic perfusion. The Hepatic perfusion index (HPI) was determined for a group of 12 dogs with portosystemic shunts prior to and two days after corrective surgery. HPI values for the dogs prior to operation were significantly elevated (p < 0.001) as compared with those for a group of normal dogs, indicating reduced effective portal hepatic perfusion in dogs with shunts. Dogs showing a favorable clinical response after surgery had a significant decrease (p < 0.02) in HPI values after operation. One dog showing a poor clinical response after operation had an increase in HPI score after operation. Quantitative hepatic scintigraphy is a valuable diagnostic test for screening presumptive cases of portosystemic shunts and monitoring the response to surgical intervention. |
| 1977/09 Detection of Brain Tumors in Dogs by Scintigraphy |
