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Below is a growing list of scientific articles that deal directly or indirectly with canine thyroid carcinoma. The articles are sorted by date with the most recent at the top. A brief description of the article follows the title. To follow a link to the abstract page, click on the title. A link to the source of the article is available by clicking on the journal title on the individual abstract page. |
| 2010/07 Thyroid Cancer in Dogs: An Update Based on 638 Cases (1995-2005) The goal of this study was to update the descriptive statistics of thyroid cancer by using data from multiple institutions collected through the Veterinary Medical Database (VMDB). Information was collected and reported from cases of canine thyroid cancer submitted to the VMDB between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2005. |
| 2010/06 Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 2 Expression in Canine Thyroid Tumors The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to determine differentially expressed genes in canine thyroid tumor samples when compared to normal thyroid tissue using microarray analysis and 2) to use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to confirm differential protein expression of one gene that was greater than 10-fold up-regulated via microarray analysis. |
| 2010/06 Effect of Recombinant Human TSH on the Uptake of Radioactive Iodine (123i) by the Thyroid Gland in Healthy Beagles. In human medicine recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) increases the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) allowing radioiodine (131I) dose reduction and higher efficacy in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer and multinodular goiter. It can be expected that rhTSH has a similar effect in dogs. |
| 2010/06 Cardiovascular Manifestations of Iatrogenic Hyperthyroidism in Two Dogs Two dogs were diagnosed with iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis (1 definitive, 1 presumptive). Both showed physical examination findings of agitation, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Sinus tachycardia with supraventricular ectopy was diagnosed in one case, and syncope and atrial flutter was present in the other. |
| 2010/05 Short-Term Effect of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone on Thyroid Volume and Echogenicity in Healthy Beagles In humans, administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) allows radioactive iodine dose reduction and higher efficacy in the treatment of multinodular goiter and thyroid cancer. A similar effect might be expected in dogs with thyroid carcinoma. However, if rhTSH leads to an increase in thyroid volume, it must be used carefully in dogs with large thyroid tumors to avoid compression of key anatomical structures. |
| 2010/02 Multiple Distinct Malignancies in Dogs: 53 Cases Despite the clinical recognition of multiple distinct types of neoplasia in individual dogs, a detailed description of such cases has not recently been published. Canine oncology cases that were diagnosed with multiple, confirmed, distinct malignancies were prospectively collected for analysis. Approximately 3% of 1722 dogs that were presented to the oncology service at the Colorado State University Veterinary Medical Center were diagnosed with multiple distinct primary tumors. |
| 2010/02 Assessment of Criteria Used by Veterinary Practitioners to Diagnose Hypothyroidism in Sighthounds and Investigation of Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Healthy Salukis OBJECTIVE: To assess use of serum thyroid hormone concentrations by veterinarians to diagnose hypothyroidism in sighthounds and to evaluate serum thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy Salukis. |
| 2009/12 Systemic Hypertension in a Dog with a Functional Thyroid Gland Adenocarcinoma Case Description-A 12-year-old 21.9-kg (48.48-lb) spayed female Alaskan Malamute with a long-term history of panting, polydypsia and polyuria, weight loss, hind limb weakness, and a decrease in appetite was evaluated for hypertension. |
| 2009/07 Imaging Diagnosis-Acquired Goitrous Hypothyroidism Following Treatment with Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole |
| 2009/07 Comparison of 2 Doses of Recombinant Human Thyrotropin for Thyroid Function Testing in Healthy and Suspected Hypothyroid Dogs Various protocols using different doses of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) in TSH stimulation testing have been described. However, the influence of TSH dosage on thyroxine (T4) concentration has not yet been evaluated in suspected hypothyroid dogs. |
| 2009/07 Comparison of 2 Doses of Recombinant Human Thyrotropin for Thyroid Function Testing in Healthy and Suspected Hypothyroid Dogs Various protocols using different doses of recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) in TSH stimulation testing have been described. However, the influence of TSH dosage on thyroxine (T4) concentration has not yet been evaluated in suspected hypothyroid dogs. |
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2009/05
Ectopic Thyroid Carcinoma Causing Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction in a Dog A 9-year-old Bouvier des Flandres was presented with coughing, lethargy, chylous pleural effusion, and a heart murmur. An echocardiogram revealed the presence of an intracardiac mass causing right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry identified the tumor as an ectopic thyroid carcinoma. |
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2008/07
Intracardiac Ectopic Thyroid Carcinosarcoma in a Dog A 13-year-old spayed female Labrador Retriever with a 1-year history of progressive exercise intolerance was diagnosed with an interventricular mass in the heart via echocardiogram. |
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2008/05 |
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2008/01 |
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2007/07
Thyroid Tumors in Dogs and Cats The clinical presentation and biologic behavior of thyroid tumors vary widely among dogs, cats, and human beings. Although thyroid tumors in dogs are rare, they are most likely to be malignant. |
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2007/07 |
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2007/07
Nuclear Imaging and Radiation Therapy in Canine and Feline Thyroid Disease The indications, techniques, and expectations for radionuclide diagnostic studies on canine and feline thyroid glands are presented. |
| 2007/07 External Beam Radiation Therapy for Thyroid Cancer in the Dog |
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2007/07 |
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2007/07 |
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2007/05
Hyperthyroidism Due to an Intrathoracic Tumour in a Dog with Test Results Suggesting Hyperadrenocorticism The elevated urinary corticoid/creatinine ratios of an 11-year-old Jack Russell terrier with polyuria were suppressible in a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, which was suggestive of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. |
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2007/05 |
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2007/04
Multiple Metastases of Thyroid Cancer in the Cranium and Pituitary Gland in Two Dogs Two dogs, a 14-year-old, female American Eskimo dog and a 14-year-old, male Maltese dog, were presented with thalamic syndromes, including lowered levels of consciousness, poor postural responses and presence of masses in the neck region. |
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2007/01
Functional Thyroid Gland Adenoma in a Dog Treated with Surgical Excision Alone An 11-year-old male Golden Retriever presented with progressive weight loss, tachycardia, hyperthermia, polyuria and polydipsia. |
| 2006/Jul Comparison of the Biological Activity of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone with Bovine Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Evaluation of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Healthy Dogs of Different Breeds OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether use of recombinant human (rh) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) induces equivalent stimulation, compared with bovine TSH (bTSH), and to evaluate activity of rhTSH in dogs of various large breeds. |
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2006/11 |
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2006/08
Sodium Iodide I 131 Treatment of Dogs with Nonresectable Thyroid Tumors: 39 Cases (1990-2003) OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome for dogs with nonresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with sodium iodide I 131 and identify factors associated with outcome. |
| 2006/07 Comparison of the Biological Activity of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone with Bovine Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Evaluation of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Healthy Dogs of Different Breeds OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether use of recombinant human (rh) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) induces equivalent stimulation, compared with bovine TSH (bTSH), and to evaluate activity of rhTSH in dogs of various large breeds. |
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2005/05 |
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2005/04
Radioiodide (131I) Therapy for the Treatment of Canine Thyroid Carcinoma OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of radioactive iodine treatment (131I) for canine thyroid carcinoma, as both the sole therapeutic modality and as an adjunct to surgery. |
| 2005/03 Intra- and Interobserver Variability of Ultrasonographic Measurements of the Thyroid Gland in Healthy Beagles The repeatability of ultrasonographic measurements of the canine thyroid gland was evaluated. The variability of three different parameters (the maximal length, width, and height) within observer, between observer and between dogs was assessed based on three different measurements made by each of three observers infive healthy beagle dogs. |
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2005/01 |
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2004/11 |
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2003/09 |
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2003/09
Acute Severe Hemorrhage Secondary to Arterial Invasion in a Dog with Thyroid Carcinoma A 7-year-old spayed female Labrador Retriever was referred because of progressive swelling and bruising of the neck, hemothorax, a possible mediastinal mass, and stridor. |
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2003/04 |
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2002/03 |
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2002/02 |
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2001/09
Definitive Radiation Therapy for Infiltrative Thyroid Carcinoma in Dogs The medical records of eight dogs with histopathologically confirmed infiltrative thyroid carcinoma treated with external beam radiation were reviewed and a retrospective analysis of survival and local tumor control were performed. This study suggests that fractionated, definitive radiation therapy using multiple, moderate doses of radiation is an effective treatment for local control of invasive thyroid carcinoma in dogs. |
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2000/08 |
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2000/06
Prognostic Factors and Patterns of Treatment Failure in Dogs with Unresectable Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas Treated with Megavoltage Irradiation OBJECTIVE: To determine quality and duration of progression-free survival (PFS) time in dogs with unresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with definitive megavoltage irradiation and analyze prognostic factors of PFS and patterns of failure (local recurrence vs metastasis). Improvements in local tumor control alone may be insufficient to improve survival times because of the high risk of metastatic spread before an initial diagnosis is made, which warrants initiation of early systemic treatment. |
| 2000/03 Use of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone for Thyrotropin Stimulation Test in Euthyroid Dogs The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) on serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentration in euthyroid dogs. |
| 2000/03 Use of Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone for Thyrotropin Stimulation Test in Euthyroid Dogs The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) on serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentration in euthyroid dogs. |
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1999/05
Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Invasive Thyroid Carcinoma in Dogs: A Retrospective Analysis of Survival Thirteen dogs with invasive thyroid carcinoma (WHO classification T2b or T3b) seen between January 1991 and October 1997 were treated by external beam irradiation. The present series indicates that radiation therapy should be considered an important modality for the control of invasive thyroid carcinoma in the dog. |
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1998/07
Ultrasonography of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands High-resolution thyroid and parathyroid ultrasonography can play an integral part in the diagnosis and management of patients with clinically undifferentiated cervical masses, thyroid carcinomas or adenomas, and primary parathyroid hyperplasia or neoplasia. |
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1998/07 |
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1998/03 |
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1997/11 |
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1997/07
Quantitative 99mtc-Pertechnetate Thyroid Scintigraphy in Normal Beagles This study was done to investigate the validity of published canine thyroid/salivary (T/S) ratios of approximately 1 in normal dogs and to determine thyroid uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate (pertechnetate) measured as percent uptake of injected dose. |
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1997/04
Non-Neoplastic and Neoplastic Thyroid Disease in Beagles Irradiated During Prenatal and Postnatal Development To evaluate the lifetime hazards of exposure to ionizing radiation, 1,680 beagles received whole-body exposures to 60Co gamma rays or sham exposures during development. In 1,343 dogs allowed to live out their life span, heritable lymphocytic thyroiditis with hypothyroidism was a major contributor to mortality. Hypothyroid dogs had a significantly increased risk for thyroid neoplasia, including greater risk for carcinomas, but no evidence of a greater sensitivity to radiation-induced tumors. In dogs with normal thyroid function irradiated at 2 or 70 days of age there was increased risk for benign and malignant follicular cell neoplasms, including multiple neoplasms. These findings related to age sensitivity in the dog were consistent with the high risk for radiogenic thyroid neoplasia in humans after exposure during early childhood. |
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1996/12
Horner's Syndrome Associated with a Functional Thyroid Carcinoma in a Dog A seven-year-old entire male Irish setter was presented because of a neck mass, prolapse of the third eyelid and apparent drooping of the upper eyelid. Historical findings included increased appetite as well as polyuria and polydipsia for about two weeks. The most remarkable findings on physical examination were right-sided Horner's syndrome, pre-scapular lymphadenopathy and a large, ventral cervical mass. Histopathological examination of the tumour revealed follicular thyroid carcinoma and confirmed widespread pulmonary metastasis. |
| 1996/11 A Case Report and Review: The Gross, Histological and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of a Carcinoma of Ectopic Thyroid in a Dog Neoplasms of the canine thyroid gland represent 5-10% of heart base masses (Capen, 1978). Ectopic thyroid tissue is detected most commonly in the thorax, with 23-80% of all dogs having ectopic tissue at the base of the heart (Leav et al., 1976; Walsh & Diters, 1984). |
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1996/09
Trisomy 18 in a Canine Thyroid Adenoma A canine thyroid adenoma showing trisomy 18 as the sole clonal cytogenetic abnormality (9 of 30 analyzed metaphases) is reported. |
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1996/09
Associations between Lymphocytic Thyroiditis, Hypothyroidism, and Thyroid Neoplasia in Beagles The thyroids were evaluated in 276 control Beagles that were allowed to live out their full life span (mean = 12 years) in a closed breeding colony. Lymphocytic thyroiditis was found in 26.3% of the dogs. One or more follicular adenocarcinomas were present in 15 of the 44 (34.1%) hypothyroid dogs but in only 16 of the 232 (6.9%) euthyroid dogs. The strong association between progressive lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, and thyroid follicular neoplasia in these Beagles probably relates to promotion of residual follicular epithelium by chronic excess thyrotropin stimulation. |
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1995/09
Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma in 7 Dogs Utilizing 131-I Seven dogs with thyroid gland carcinoma were treated with 131I and hormone suppressive therapy either alone (3 dogs) or in combination with surgery (3 dogs) or 137Cs teletherapy and chemotherapy (1 dog). |
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1995/07
A Comparison of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Thyroid Adenocarcinoma in Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 38 Cases The medical records of 38 dogs with thyroid neoplasia that were treated by surgical excision of the tumor, or had an incisional biopsy performed as a diagnostic procedure, were reviewed. Medullary thyroid carcinoma may possess gross and histological characteristics of a less malignant nature when compared with other thyroid carcinomas. |
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1995/04 |
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1995/04
Treatment of Thyroid Carcinoma in Dogs by Surgical Resection Alone: 20 Cases (1981-1989) Of 82 dogs with thyroid carcinoma seen between January 1981 and October 1989, 20 had freely movable tumors without evidence of metastasis and were treated with surgical excision alone. Long-term survival is possible following surgical removal of mobile thyroid carcinomas in dogs. |
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1994/09
The Canine P53 Gene Is Subject to Somatic Mutations in Thyroid Carcinoma In many different types of tumors in man and mouse, p53 is the tumor suppressor gene most frequently affected by a combination of somatic mutation and loss of the wildtype allele. These results suggest that p53 plays a role in the development of malignancy in the dog, in a way comparable to that in man. |
| 1994/08 Ultrasonographic Examination of Cervical Masses in the Dog and Cat The ultrasonographic appearance of clinically undifferentiated neck masses for which a definitive diagnosis was eventually obtained in nineteen dogs and one cat is presented in this report. |
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1994/05 |
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1994/05
Nuclear Medicine of the Thyroid Gland. Scintigraphy and Radioiodine Therapy Nuclear medicine may have both diagnostic and therapeutic utility during the evaluation and management of thyroid disease. |
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1994/05 |
| 1994/03 Hypothyroidism in a Dog after Surgery and Radiation Therapy for a Functional Thyroid Adenocarcinoma Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a dog which had undergone unilateral thyroid lobectomy and external beam irradiation (48 Gy in 3 Gy fractions) for a functional cystic thyroid adenocarcinoma. |
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1994/03 |
| 1993/04 Canine Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma with Unusual Distant Metastases |
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1992/03
Thyrotrophin Receptors in Normal and Neoplastic (Primary and Metastatic) Canine Thyroid Tissue Thyrotrophin (TSH) is the conditional growth factor of thyroid epithelial cells. Abnormalities in TSH-receptor binding such as a low receptor number or low binding affinity may be a marker of thyroid carcinoma or metastases, or may exhibit a relationship with the functional variability of such tissues. |
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1991/09
Immunocytochemistry of Canine Thyroid Tumors Immunocytochemical studies using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method with commercial antibodies against thyroglobulin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), somatostatin, and neurotensin were performed on 38 Bouin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine thyroid tumors obtained from necropsy and surgical files from 2 Ecoles Nationales Veterinaires (Alfort and Nantes, France) and from the Laboratoire d'Histo-Cytopathologie Veterinaire, Maisons-Alfort (France). |
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1991/09
Flow-Cytometric DNA Ploidy Analysis in Primary and Metastatic Canine Thyroid Carcinomas DNA ploidy was measured by flow cytometry in 36 primary malignant thyroid neoplasms (including 6 bilateral tumours which were considered as separate neoplasms) from 30 dogs. From the strikingly high frequency of hypodiploidy in canine tumours, it is concluded that ploidy evolution in canine neoplasms may differ from that in human tumours. |
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1991/09
Circulating Thyroglobulin Measurements by Homologous Radioimmunoassay in Dogs with Thyroid Carcinoma Circulating thyroglobulin was measured in 20 dogs with thyroid cancer, using a homologous polyclonal radioimmunoassay. It is concluded that measurement of plasma Tg levels might be useful for monitoring the postoperative course of the disease in individual dogs with thyroid cancer. |
| 1991/08 The Radiographic Appearance of Canine Congenital Hypothyroidism: Skeletal Changes with Delayed Treatment Congenital hypothyroidism was diagnosed in five Boxer dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between 1978 and 1979. Congenital hypothyroidism was confirmed by serum T3 and T4 radioimmunoassay and TSH stimulation test. Serial radiographs made before and after L-thyroxine oral supplementation were studied retrospectively to evaluate the resolution of skeletal abnormalities and to compare skeletal with chronological age. |
| 1991/08 The Radiographic Appearance of Canine Congenital Hypothyroidism: Skeletal Changes with Delayed Treatment Congenital hypothyroidism was diagnosed in five Boxer dogs presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between 1978 and 1979. |
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1991/07
Hyperthyroidism Associated with a Thyroid Adenoma in a Dog Hyperthyroidism associated with thyroid adenoma was diagnosed in a dog. Typical clinical signs of hyperthyroidism were resolved with surgical excision of the adenoma. Hyperthyroidism in dogs usually is associated with thyroid carcinoma, which has a poor prognosis. This case emphasizes the importance of obtaining a histologic diagnosis of thyroid tumors in hyperthyroid dogs before giving a prognosis. |
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1991/05
Gross, Histologic, Cytochemical, and Immunocytochemical Study of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in Sixteen Dogs The gross, histomorphologic, cytochemical, and immunocytochemical findings in 16 dogs with medullary thyroid carcinoma were evaluated. |
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1991/05
Characterisation of Complex Karyotype Changes in a Canine Thyroid Adenoma A 14-year-old German shepherd dog developed an alveolar adenoma of the thyroid. |
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1990/12
Metastatic Thyroid Solid-Follicular Carcinoma in the Cervical Portion of the Spine of a Dog A metastatic thyroid solid-follicular carcinoma in the cervical portion of the spine was responsible for severe tetraparesis in a dog. Myelography revealed an extradural compressive lesion dorsal and to the right of the midline of C3. Histologic examination was used to diagnose the mass as a solid-follicular thyroid carcinoma. The primary tumor was not evident on cervical palpation or radiography. A dorsal laminectomy centered over C3 was performed, and all visible tumor was removed from the spine. The owner declined any further treatment for the dog. |
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1989/12
Surgical Excision of Ectopic Thyroid Carcinoma Involving the Base of the Tongue in Dogs: Three Cases (1980-1987) Localized thyroid carcinoma involving the base of the tongue was diagnosed in 3 dogs examined because of a midline cervical mass rostroventral to the larynx. |
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1989/09
Thyroid Neoplasms in a Colony of Beagle Dogs The histologic, clinicopathologic, and epidemiologic features of spontaneous thyroid neoplasms were evaluated in a control population of Beagle dogs. |
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1989/05 |
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1989/01 |
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1986/05
Clinical and Pathologic Features of Thyroid Tumors in 26 Dogs Thyroid tumors were diagnosed in 26 dogs between 1977 and 1984. A total of 23 of the 26 tumors were carcinomas, and 3, detected as incidental findings at necropsy, were adenomas. |
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1986/03
Aortic Body Tumour with Adjacent Ectopic Thyroid Tissue in a Dog A 12-year-old neutered male Husky dog had a neoplasm at the base of the heart which did not invade surrounding tissues. The possible differential diagnoses for the neoplasm were aortic body tumour, ectopic thyroid tumour and ectopic parathyroid tumour; the ultrastructural characteristics revealed it to be an aortic body tumour. |
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1984/03
Thyroglobulin and Calcitonin Immunoreactivity in Canine Thyroid Carcinomas Although thyroid gland neoplasms are well-recognized entities in dogs, the diagnosis and classification of these tumors often is difficult. In contrast to human thyroid carcinomas, which are predominantly of the papillary or follicular types, a relatively high proportion of the canine tumors contain compact cellular areas and resemble, to some extent, medullary thyroid carcinomas. |
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1982/05
Radioisotope Imaging for the Evaluation of Thyroid Neoplasia and Hypothyroidism in a Dog An 11-year-old dog was diagnosed as having concurrent unilateral follicular thyroid carcinoma and hypothyroidism. |
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1980/06
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in the Diagnosis of Canine Thyroid Carcinoma In 11 dogs with thyroid carcinomas there was a good correlation between cytological results of fine needle aspiration biopsy and histological findings. |
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1978/09
Canine Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid An 8-year-old male Irish Terrior dog and a male St. Bernard dog each had a thyroid medullary carcinoma. |
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1977/11
Naturally Occurring Parafollicular Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid in Dogs. A Histological and Ultrastructural Study Seven cases of parafollicular cell carcinoma in dogs were seen. The diagnosis was based on histological and ultrastructural similarities between neoplastic and normal parafollicular cells. |
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1975/10
Canine Thyroid Neoplasms: Epidemiologic Features A retrospective study of medical records from twelve veterinary university hospitals-clinics yielded 144 dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of a thyroid neoplasm (25 adenomas and 119 carcinomas). Three breeds (beagle, boxer, and golden retriever) had a significantly greater risk for thyroid carcinoma than did all dogs combined, whereas miniature and toy poodles had a low risk. |
| 1963/01 Functioning Adenocarcinoma of the Thyroid Gland in a Dog with Mitral Insufficiency |
