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Below is a growing list of scientific articles that deal directly or indirectly with feline hyperthyroidism. The articles are sorted by date with the most recent at the top. A brief description of the article follows the title. To follow a link to the abstract page, click on the title. A link to the source of the article is available by clicking on the journal title on the individual abstract page. |
| 2010/06 Investigation of Prognostic Factors for the Development of Renal Disease Following I-131 Therapy in Feline Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders in middle aged to older cats. Renal disease may be masked by hyperthyroidism and subsequent I-131 therapy of hyperthyroid cats with subclinical renal dysfunction may precipitate progression to renal failure. |
| 2010/06 Iatrogenic Hypothyroidism (IH) Contributes to the Development of Azotemia in Hyperthyroid Cats. Iatrogenic Hypothyroidism (IH) is reported to occur in some cats following treatment of hyper- thyroidism (HTH). Hypothyroidism reduces GFR in other species, therefore IH could contribute to the development of azotemia in hyperthyroid cats with underlying mild chronic kidney disease. |
| 2010/06 Evaluation of Activation of G Proteins in Response to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in Thyroid Gland Cells from Euthyroid and Hyperthyroid Cats OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alterations in ligand-stimulated activity of G proteins in thyroid gland cells of hyperthyroid cats. SAMPLE POPULATION: Membranes of thyroid gland cells isolated from 5 hyperthyroid cats and 3 age-matched euthyroid (control) cats immediately after the cats were euthanatized. |
| 2010/06 Comparison of Models for Predicting Renal Disease Following I-131 Therapy for Feline Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in middle aged to older cats. Therapy with I-131 is considered to be curative for > 90% of affected cats. However, the hyperthyroid state may mask underlying renal insufficiency and rates of subsequent renal disease following I-131 therapy approach 30%. |
| 2010/06 Circulating Natriuretic Peptides Concentrations in Hyperthroid Cats The cardiac biomarkers N-terminal-pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-pro-BNP) and N-terminal -pro-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (NT-pro-ANP) have been shown to be of value in the diagnosis of heart disease and heart failure in cats. In humans, it is well known that natriuretic peptides are infuenced by factors other than pri- mary cardiovascular disease, including hyperthyroidism. The purpose of this study was to investigate natriuretic peptide concentrations in hyperthyroid cats before and after anti-thyroid treatment and to compare them to normal cats. |
| 2010/05 Pre- and Posttreatment Ultrasonography of the Thyroid Gland in Hyperthyroid Cats Ultrasonography is useful for assessing the morphology of the thyroid gland in hyperthyroid cats. Our aim was to describe the ultrasonographic changes of the thyroid gland in hyperthyroid cats after 131I therapy. |
| 2010/03 The Effects of Iohexol Administration on Technetium Thyroid Scintigraphy in Normal Cats Administration of iodinated contrast medium interferes with iodide uptake in the human thyroid gland and compromises diagnostic thyroid scintigraphy and radioiodine treatment for 4-6 weeks. However, the degree and duration of inhibition of thyroid uptake of pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) by iodinated contrast medium has not been established in any species. |
| 2010/02 Use of Thyroid Scintigraphy and Pituitary Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Spontaneous Hypothyroidism in a Mature Cat A 12-year old, castrated male domestic shorthair cat presented with a 2-year history of poor hair coat, seborrhea, generalized pruritus and otitis externa. Low circulating concentrations of total serum thyroxine (TT(4)) and free thyroxine (fT(4)) and an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone concentration supported a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. |
| 2010/02 Thyroid Stimulation with Recombinant Human Thyrotropin in Healthy Cats, Cats with Non-Thyroidal Illness and in Cats with Low Serum Thyroxin and Azotaemia after Treatment of Hyperthyroidism This study investigated the recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) stimulation test in healthy cats (group 1), cats with non-thyroidal illness (group 2) and cats with low serum total T(4) (TT(4)) and azotaemia after (131)I treatment (group 3). Serum TT(4) responses and thyroidal pertechnetate uptake after administration of 25 microg rhTSH IV were assessed. Baseline serum TT(4) was significantly lower in group 3 compared with group 1, but not between other group pairs. Serum TT(4) increased significantly in groups 1 and 2 but not in group 3 after rhTSH administration. Post-rhTSH serum TT(4) concentrations differed significantly between groups 1 and 3 and groups 2 and 3, but not between groups 1 and 2. Thyroid/salivary gland uptake ratio (T/S uptake ratio) differed only significantly between groups 1 and 3. Stimulation with rhTSH is valuable to differentiate euthyroidism from iatrogenic hypothyroidism in cats. |
| 2009/10 Clinical Efficacy and Safety of a Once-Daily Formulation of Carbimazole in Cats with Hyperthyroidism Evaluation of efficacy and safety of a novel controlled-release formulation of carbimazole in feline hyperthyroidism. A multicentre, self-controlled study in 44 client-owned cats with history and clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, and total thyroxine concentration greater than or equal to 50 nmol/l. Treatment was started at 15 mg once daily, response assessed after 10 days, and 3, 5, 8, 26 and 53 weeks and dose adjusted as required. |
| 2009/09 Retinol-Binding Protein in Serum and Urine of Hyperthyroid Cats before and after Treatment with Radioiodine Retinol-binding protein (RBP) is suggested as a clinically useful marker of renal function in cats. The presence of urinary RBP in HT cats is a potential marker of tubular dysfunction that is correlated to thyroid status, although it is independent of circulating RBP concentrations. The decreased uRBP/c combined with the absence of changes in serum RBP after treatment suggests that the suspected tubular dysfunction was partly reversible with treatment of (131)I. |
| 2009/09 Optimal Testing for Thyroid Hormone Concentration after Treatment with Methimazole in Healthy and Hyperthyroid Cats Methimazole suppresses thyroid hormone synthesis and is commonly used to treat feline hyperthyroidism. The degree of variation in thyroid hormone concentrations 24 hours after administration of methimazole and optimal time for blood sampling to monitor therapeutic efficacy have not been determined. |
| 2009/08 Risk Factors for Feline Hyperthyroidism in the UK Previous studies of cats in the USA and New Zealand have identified a number of risk factors for the development of hyperthyroidism including feeding of canned cat food and being non-purebred. The objective of this study was to examine these and other risk factors in cats from London, UK. |
| 2009/08 Comparison of Plasma Clearance of Exogenous Creatinine, Exo-Iohexol, and Endo-Iohexol over a Range of Glomerular Filtration Rates Expected in Cats The study investigated plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine (PECCT), exo-iohexol (PexICT) and endo-iohexol (PenICT) in six healthy cats, four cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and six hyperthyroid (HT) cats to assess potential differences in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement over a wide range of GFR values. |
| 2009/07 Partial Characterization of Feline Myeloperoxidase and Investigation of Its Potential Role as an Autoantigen in Hyperthyroid Cats OBJECTIVE: To partially characterize the cDNA, amino acid sequence, and tertiary structure of feline myeloperoxidase, describe its cellular location in mature granulocytes, and determine whether hyperthyroid cats have anti-myeloperoxidase antibody. |
| 2009/06 Urinary Iodide Concentration in Hyperthyroid Cats OBJECTIVE:To compare concentrations of urinary iodide (UI) in euthyroid and untreated hyperthyroid cats. |
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2009/06
Interactions between thyroid and kidney function in pathological conditions of these organ systems: A review Thyroidal status affects kidney function already in the embryonic stage. Thyroid hormones influence general tissue growth as well as tubular functions, electrolyte handling and neural input. Hyper- and hypo-functioning of the thyroid influences mature kidney function indirectly by affecting the cardiovascular system and the renal blood flow, and directly by affecting glomerular filtration, electrolyte pumps, the secretory and absorptive capacity of the tubuli, and the structure of the kidney. |
| 2009/06 Comparing Thyroid Palpation Techniques |
| 2009/06 Anticoagulant-Dependent in Vitro Hemagglutination in a Cat A 17-year-old domestic shorthaired cat was presented to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals for recheck of hyperthyroidism previously treated with radioiodine. Marked agglutination was noted in a blood sample collected into EDTA for a CBC; no other clinical or hematologic evidence of hemolysis was observed and none developed despite persistent agglutination in additional EDTA samples collected over a 2-month period. |
| 2009/04 Thyroid enlargement and its relationship to clinicopathological parameters and T4 status in suspected hyperthyroid cats To relate thyroid size to routine blood parameters and T4 status the ventral neck of 161 cats with clinical signs consistent with hyperthyroidism was examined by two independent observers using a semi-quantitative palpation system. |
| 2009/04 Thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for an adequate growth and development of the kidney. Conversely, the kidney is not only an organ for metabolism and elimination of TH, but also a target organ of some of the iodothyronines' actions. Thyroid dysfunction causes remarkable changes in glomerular and tubular functions and electrolyte and water homeostasis. |
| 2009/04 Effect of Recombinant Human Thyroid Stimulating Hormone on Serum Thyroxin and Thyroid Scintigraphy in Euthyroid Cats This study investigated the thyroidal response to administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) by means of serum total thyroxine (TT(4)) concentration and pertechnetate uptake by the thyroid gland in six healthy euthyroid spayed female cats. |
| 2009/03 Caudal mediastinal thyroglossal duct cyst in a cat An eight-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of dyspnoea secondary to pleural effusion. Ultrasound examination identified a large anechoic cyst-like structure in the caudal thorax. A median sternotomy was performed, and the cystic mass was removed. Microscopically, the excised tissue was identified as a multilocular thyroglossal duct cyst with ectopic thyroid tissue. |
| 2009/02 Scintigraphic findings in 120 hyperthyroid cats The aim of this study was to characterise the scintigraphic findings in a large population of hyperthyroid cats in order to determine the location of thyroid pathology in newly diagnosed hyperthyroid cats and those that had previously undergone thyroidectomy. |
| 2009/02 Feline thyroid carcinoma: diagnosis and response to high-dose radioactive iodine treatment. This study reports the scintigraphy, histopathology, sole treatment with high-dose radioactive iodine and outcome of eight cases of feline thyroid carcinoma. |
| 2009/02 Effects and Safety of Iopanoic Acid in Cats Administered Levothyroxine The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and effect of iopanoic acid in 13 cats with hyperthyroidism induced by daily subcutaneous administration of 25microg/kg levothyroxine for a period of 42 days. |
| 2009/01 Short- and long-term follow-up of glomerular and tubular renal markers of kidney function in hyperthyroid cats after treatment with radioiodine Hyperthyroidism can mask co-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous studies showed that post-treatment renal azotemia can be predicted by pre-treatment assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We hypothesized that treatment of hyperthyroidism may have different effects on glomerular and tubular function and these changes might be predicted by additional pre-treatment variables than GFR. Serum total T4 (TT4), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood pressure (BP), body weight (BW), GFR, urine specific gravity (USG), urinary protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) and retinol binding protein/creatinine ratio (uRBP/c) were evaluated before and 1, 4, 12 and 24 weeks post-treatment with radioiodine ((131)I) in 21 non-azotemic hyperthyroid cats. |
| 2008/12 Comments regarding "Subclinical hyperthyroidism in cats: a spontaneous model of subclinical toxic nodular goiter in humans?" |
| 2008/10 Prevalence of and risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism in Hong Kong A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and potential risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism in Hong Kong. Serum total thyroxine (T(4)) was measured in 305 cats aged 10 years and older that presented at various veterinary clinics in Hong Kong. |
| 2008/10 Interference of iohexol with radioiodine thyroid uptake in the hyperthyroid cat Absorbed thyroid dose and effective half-life were determined in 46 hyperthyroid cats after treatment with a low dose (mean 111MBq) of radioiodine intravenously. Thirteen of these cats had received iohexol for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement within 24h before treatment with radioiodine in view of another ongoing study at our institution. |
| 2008/07 Plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine, exo-iohexol, and endo-iohexol in hyperthyroid cats before and after treatment with radioiodine BACKGROUND: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be measured by clearance methods of different markers showing discrepancies and different reproducibility in healthy cats. Studies comparing different methods of GFR measurement in hyperthyroid cats have not yet been performed. HYPOTHESIS: Plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine (PECCT), exo-iohexol (PexICT), and endo-iohexol (PenICT) could lead to differences in GFR measurement and the need to use the same clearance method when comparing GFR before and after radioiodine treatment in hyperthyroid cats. |
| 2008/07 Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats with mild chronic kidney disease In cats with concurrent hyperthyroidism and non-thyroidal illnesses such as chronic kidney disease, total thyroxine concentrations are often within the laboratory reference range (19 to 55 nmol/l). The objective of the study was to determine total thyroxine, free thyroxine and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in cats with mild chronic kidney disease. |
| 2008/06 Within- and between-examiner agreement for two thyroid palpation techniques in healthy and hyperthyroid cats Thyroid gland palpation is an important aid for diagnosing feline hyperthyroidism in an early stage to prevent development of deleterious complications. Our objectives were to assess within- and between-examiner agreement for two thyroid gland palpation techniques in cats and to correlate palpation results with ultrasonographic thyroid measurements. |
| 2008/06 Recombinant Human Thyrotropin Administration Enhances Thyroid Uptake of Radioactive Iodine in Hyperthyroid Cats Hyperthyroidism is the most diagnosed endocrine disorder in cats and radioiodine (131I) is the treatment of choice. The dose emission rate and radioactivity in urine, saliva, and on hair and paws are determined by the dose of administered 131I. A dose reduction of therapeutic 131I could possibly be achieved after recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) administration as in humans with nodular goiter. |
| 2008/06 Methimazole-triggered lymphadenomegaly in a hyperthyroid cat? |
| 2008/06 Efficacy of atenolol as a single antihypertensive agent in hyperthyroid cats [beta]-Adrenergic blockers, particularly atenolol, are often recommended for the tachycardia and hypertension that accompany hyperthyroidism; however, the effects of monotherapy with atenolol on both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) have not been reported. |
| 2008/05 TSH Measurement in Senior Cats – a Prospective Study. |
| 2008/05 RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN IN SERUM AND URINE OF HYPERTHYROID CATS BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH RADIOIODINE. |
| 2008/05 PLASMA CLEARANCE OF EXOGENOUS CREATININE, EXO-IOHEXOL AND ENDO-IOHEXOL IN HEALTHY CATS, CATS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM AND CATS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. |
| 2008/05 N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase index as an early biomarker for chronic kidney disease in cats with hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroid cats are at risk of developing azotemic chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diagnostic tools currently used to screen for CKD in hyperthyroid cats are either unreliable or impractical. Urine N-acetyl-03B2-d-glucosaminidase index (NAGi) is a good biomarker for azotemic CKD in hyperthyroid cats. |
| 2008/05 |
| 2008/04 An investigation of predictors of renal insufficiency following treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats To determine if routine pre-treatment clinical data can be used to predict the development of overt renal insufficiency following treatment of feline hyperthyroidism, we studied retrospectively all non-azotemic cats undergoing treatment for hyperthyroidism at our hospital. |
| 2008/03 Pharmacokinetics of controlled-release carbimazole tablets support once daily dosing in cats Carbimazole, a prodrug of methimazole, is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. The pharmacokinetics of methimazole was investigated in healthy cats following oral administration of 15†mg of carbimazole as a controlled-release tablet (VidaltaÆ, Intervet). |
| 2008/02 [Treatment of feline hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine-131] Feline hyperthyroidism can be treated by thyroidectomy, antithyroid drugs, or radioactive iodine-131 (131I). The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the treatment of 83 hyperthyroid cats with 131I . |
| 2008/01
Immunoassay of urinary retinol binding protein as a putative renal marker in cats
The presence of low molecular weight retinol binding protein (RBP) in urine reflects tubular damage. Therefore, RBP has been used as a renal marker in humans and dogs. Using an anti-human RBP antibody (Ab), this study first demonstrates feline urinary RBP by Western blot analysis and then evaluates its potential as a renal marker in cats by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). |
| 2007/12 Use of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone for thyrotropin stimulation test in healthy, hypothyroid and euthyroid sick dogs Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) was evaluated for the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism, using TSH response tests. |
| 2007/12 Subclinical hyperthyroidism in cats: a spontaneous model of subclinical toxic nodular goiter in humans? Hyperthyroidism in cats, caused by nodular hyperplasia or adenomas, is clinically and histologically similar to toxic nodular goiter in humans. Subclinical hyperthyroidism in humans is defined as low thyrotropin (TSH) in conjunction with within-reference-range thyroid hormone concentrations, but has not previously been defined in cats. |
| 2007/11 Liver Function in Cats with Hyperthyroidism Before and After 131I Therapy. This study demonstrates that, regardless of a majority of cats with hyperthyroidism (15/19) having significant increases in at least one of their serum activity of liver derived enzymes, liver functional testing was not different between control and cats with hyperthyroidism. High serum liver enzyme activities were not associated with abnormalities in hepatic parenchyma and liver functional variables, regardless of the degree of increase. Serum liver enzyme activities return to normal after control of hyperthyroidism with 131I therapy. Cats with hyperthyroidism have a significantly higher serum fasting ammonia concentration than cats who were euthyroid. These results demonstrate that extensive examination for hepatobiliary disease in most cats with hyperthyroidism is unnecessary. |
| 2007/11
Changes in the glomerular filtration rate of 27 cats with hyperthyroidism after treatment with radioactive iodine
Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrinopathy of older cats and is associated with an increased glomerular filtration rate (gfr). Renal dysfunction is also common in older cats and may develop after they have been treated for hyperthyroidism. This paper describes the changes in the gfr of 27 hyperthyroid cats in the six months after their treatment with radioactive iodine ((131)I), and evaluates whether any commonly measured pretreatment parameters (serum biochemistry, systolic blood pressure, urine specific gravity) could predict a clinically significant decline in renal function. |
| 2007/09
Elevated PBDE levels in pet cats: sentinels for humans? |
| 2007/08 Obesity Increases Free Thyroxine Proportionally to Nonesterified Fatty Acid Concentrations in Adult Neutered Female Cats The obese cat is a model for the study of the progression toward type 2 diabetes. In this study, the impact of obesity on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis was examined in 21 domestic shorthair cats before and after the development of obesity, which significantly increased body mass index (BMI), % body fat (BF), and girth (P<0.0001 for all). Serum total thyroxine (TT(4)), tri-iodothyronine, free T(4) (FT(4)) by direct dialysis, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and leptin were measured, and FT(4) fraction (FFT(4)) was calculated. |
| 2007/07 Thyroid Tumors in Dogs and Cats The clinical presentation and biologic behavior of thyroid tumors vary widely among dogs, cats, and human beings. Although thyroid tumors in dogs are rare, they are most likely to be malignant. Clinical signs are usually the result of impingement on surrounding structures, and clinical hyperthyroidism is rare. In contrast, hyperthyroidism resulting from benign thyroid proliferation is relatively common among older cats. Malignant tumors are extremely uncommon but have high metastatic potential. Irrespective of the tumor's ability to produce functional thyroid hormone, scintigraphy is often helpful in the diagnosis and staging of thyroid tumors in all three species. Treatment with surgery is a reasonable treatment option for noninvasive tumors. Iodine-131 is a well-established treatment for thyroid nodules in cats, but its effectiveness in dogs is controversial. |
| 2007/07 Thyroid Surgery in Dogs and Cats Thyroid surgery is indicated for malignant and benign neoplasms or hyperplasia of the thyroid glands. A ventral midline cervical approach allows for bilateral thyroid exploration. Care should be taken to avoid the surrounding neurovascular structures and esophagus. Evaluation of both thyroids should be done before proceeding with partial or complete thyroidectomy. Complications of thyroid surgery include intraoperative hemorrhage and clinical signs associated with damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves, parathyroid blood supply, or parathyroidectomy. |
| 2007/07 Testing for hyperthyroidism in cats Hyperthyroidism remains a common endocrine disorder of cats. Although relatively easy to diagnose in classically presenting cats, the increased frequency of testing cats with early or mild disease has had significant implications for the diagnostic performance of many of the routine tests currently used. |
| 2007/07 Testing for Hyperthyroidism in Cats Hyperthyroidism remains a common endocrine disorder of cats. Although relatively easy to diagnose in classically presenting cats, the increased frequency of testing cats with early or mild disease has had significant implications for the diagnostic performance of many of the routine tests currently used. Further advances in the etiopathogenesis and earlier diagnosis are only likely with the advent of a species specific feline thyroid-stimulating hormone assay. |
| 2007/07 INVESTIGATION OF TWO METHODS FOR ASSESSING THYROID-LOBE ASYMMETRY DURING PERTECHNETATE SCINTIGRAPHY IN SUSPECTED HYPERTHYROID CATS Our aim was to investigate thyroid:thyroid (T:T) ratio and visual inspection for assessing thyroid-lobe asymmetry in suspected hyperthyroid cats. |
| 2007/07 Feline Thyroid Storm Thyroid storm is a syndrome described in human medicine to define a multisystemic disorder resulting from organ exposure to excessive levels of thyroid hormone. This form of acute thyrotoxicosis, although uncommon, can be life threatening and is a significant cause of mortality in human emergency rooms. Although thyroid storm is a well-recognized clinical entity in human medicine, it has not been described in veterinary medicine. This article discusses the human syndrome and defines a similar syndrome in hyperthyroid veterinary patients. The clinical signs of and treatment modalities for feline thyroid storm are also presented. |
| 2007/07 Etiopathologic findings of canine hypothyroidism The causes of canine hypothyroidism are varied, but most cases result from irreversible acquired thyroid pathologic changes and only a small proportion arise from congenital anomalies of the thyroid gland or pituitary. |
| 2007/07 Etiopathologic Findings of Hyperthyroidism in Cats None of the studies to date have isolated a single dominant factor that could be incriminated in the development of hyperthyroidism in cats. Rather, most of the studies provide further evidence of the widely held view that hyperthyroidism is a multifactorial disease in this species. At this time, the most likely candidates include one or more of the goitrogenic chemicals that have been shown to be present in cat food or the cat's environment. In addition, mutations of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene or mutations of its associated G proteins seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. |
| 2007/07 Clinical signs and concurrent diseases of hypothyroidism in dogs and cats. Canine hypothyroidism may present with a wide range of clinical signs. The most common clinical signs are those of a decreased metabolic rate and dermatologic manifestations; however, many other clinical signs have been associated with hypothyroidism. |
| 2007/07 Cardiovascular and Renal Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism In the simplest terms, hyperthyroidism is the clinical syndrome that results from an excess of thyroid hormones. This review considers the effects of hyperthyroidism on the cardiovascular and renal systems by reviewing the available literature on the clinical manifestations of this syndrome in the cat and also considering experimental studies and experience in other species, including human beings. |
| 2007/07 Calcium homeostasis in thyroid disease in dogs and cats Hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder of cats, and hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder of dogs. Little is known regarding the effects of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or treatment of these disorders on calcium metabolism in the dog or cat, however, especially any potential effects on bone. |
| 2007/07 Radioiodine is considered the treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism, but in some situations, methimazole therapy is preferred, such as in cats with preexisting renal insufficiency. Unfavorable outcomes from methimazole are usually attributable to side effects, such as gastrointestinal upset, facial excoriation, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or liver enzyme elevations. Because restoration of euthyroidism can lead to a drop in glomerular filtration rate, all cats treated with methimazole should be monitored with blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in addition to serum thyroxine (T4) and a complete blood cell count. Transdermal methimazole is associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects and can be used in cats with simple vomiting or inappetence from oral methimazole. Hypertension may not resolve immediately when serum T4 is normalized, and moderate to severe hypertension should be treated concurrently with atenolol, amlodipine, or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. |
| 2007/07 The indications, techniques, and expectations for radionuclide diagnostic studies on canine and feline thyroid glands are presented. In addition, the considerations surrounding radioiodine or external beam radiotherapy for benign and malignant thyroid disease are reviewed. The intent of this article is to familiarize primary care veterinarians with the utility of and outcome of the ionizing radiation-based diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for assessing and treating canine and feline thyroid disease. |
| 2007/05 Canine thyroid carcinoma Malignant thyroid carcinomas are relatively common in dogs. The majority of tumors are unilateral and nonfunctional. Before deciding on treatment options, it is important to determine whether the tumor is freely moveable or fixed and invasive into adjacent tissues. |
| 2006/11 Within- and between-Examiner Repeatabilities for Two Thyroid Palpation Techniques in Cats |
| 2006/11 Survival of Hyperthyroid Cats Is Not Affected by Post-Treatment Azotaemia Treatment of feline hyperthyroidism (HTH) is frequently associated with the unmasking of chronic renal failure (CRF). It is generally assumed that cats that develop azotaemia following treatment for HTH have a worse prognosis than cats that do not, and this can affect treatment recommendations given to clients. The aim of the present study was to test this assumption. |
| 2006/11 Short- and Long-Term Follow-up of Hyperthyroid Cats Treated with Transdermal Methimazole |
| 2006/11 Complications after Thyroidectomy in 101 Hyperthyroid Cats |
| 2006/11 Adenomatous Hyperplasia of the Thyroid Gland Is Related to TSH Concentration in Cats. |
| 2006/09 MULTIMODALITY IMAGE FUSION TO FACILITATE ANATOMIC LOCALIZATION OF 99mTC-PERTECHNETATE UPTAKE IN THE FELINE HEAD 99mTc-pertechnetate is excreted in humans by the thyroid glands, gastric mucosa, salivary glands, choroid plexus, and sweat glands. Uptake attributed to the zygomatic and molar salivary glands is used commonly as a reference to assess thyroid uptake and differentiate euthyroid from hyperthyroid cats. However, the exact location and origin of uptake of 99mTc-pertechnetate in the head during thyroid scintigraphy in cats remains uncertain. |
| 2006/08 Sodium iodide I 131 treatment of dogs with nonresectable thyroid tumors: 39 cases (1990-2003) OBJECTIVE: To determine outcome for dogs with nonresectable thyroid carcinomas treated with sodium iodide I 131 and identify factors associated with outcome. |
| 2006/08 Effect of four sedative and anesthetic protocols on quantitative thyroid scintigraphy in euthyroid cats OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of sedation and anesthesia on thyroid and salivary gland uptake of technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate ((99m)TcO(4)) in euthyroid cats. |
| 2006/07 [Transdermal carbimazole for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism] Orally administered antithyroid drugs are frequently used to treat hyperthyroidism in cats; however, the non-cooperative behaviour of some cats may make it difficult to administer tablets. |
| 2006/06 Thyroid Storm in Cats: Fact or Fiction Thyroid storm is a syndrome described in human medicine to define a multi systemic disorder resulting from organ exposure to excessive levels of thyroid hormone. This form of acute thyrotoxicosis can be life-threatening and is a significant cause of mortality in human emergency rooms. Hyperthyroid cats that present with acute exacerbation of thyrotoxicosis may be described to have thyroid storm. |
| 2006/06 Aplastic anemia in cats - clinicopathological features and associated disease conditions 1996-2004 A retrospective study of 128 feline bone marrow reports identified 13 cases of aplastic anemia. Clinical diagnoses included chronic renal failure (n=5), feline leukemia virus infection (n=2), hyperthyroidism treated with methimazole (n=1) and idiopathic aplastic anemia (n=5). |
| 2006/05 Does Subclinical Hyperthyroidism Exist in Cats? |
| 2006/04 Results of thyroidectomy in 101 cats with hyperthyroidism OBJECTIVE: To describe outcome after thyroidectomy in hyperthyroid cats, with emphasis on peri- and postsurgical complications and recurrence. |
| 2006/04 Clinical efficacy and safety of transdermal methimazole in the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism Thirteen cats, newly diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, were treated with a transdermal formulation of methimazole at a dose of 5 mg (0.1 mL) (concentration of 50 mg/mL) applied to the internal ear pinna every 12 h for 28 d. |
| 2006/03 Cloning and sequencing of feline thyrotropin (fTSH): heterodimeric and yoked constructs. The genes encoding the mature common glycoprotein alpha (CGA) and hormone-specific beta subunits of feline thyroid stimulating hormone (fTSH) were cloned and sequenced. |
| 2006/03 Accuracy of increased thyroid activity during pertechnetate scintigraphy by subcutaneous injection for diagnosing hyperthyroidism in cats Our purpose was to determine the accuracy of increased thyroid activity for diagnosing hyperthyroidism in cats suspected of having that disease during pertechnetate scintigraphy using subcutaneous rather than intravenous radioisotope administration. |
| 2006/02 Thyroidectomy in the Cat Thyroidectomy in cats is most commonly indicated to treat hyperthyroidism because of adenomatous hyperplasia of the thyroid glands. Preoperative stabilization of the hyperthyroid cat with antithyroid drugs is preferred to minimize anesthetic and surgical complications. Multiple surgical techniques for thyroidectomy have been reported, and results of surgery and complications differ between techniques. |
| 2006/02 Thyroid Scintigraphy in Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid scintigraphy is a nuclear medicine procedure that produces a visual display of functional thyroid tissue based on the selective uptake of various radionuclides by thyroid tissue. Thyroid scintigraphy provides valuable information regarding both thyroid anatomy and physiology and can play an integral role in the diagnosis and management of cats with hyperthyroidism. |
| 2006/02 Survival times for cats with hyperthyroidism treated with iodine 131, methimazole, or both: 167 cases (1996–2003) Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that age, preexisting renal disease, and treatment type were associated with survival time in cats undergoing medical treatment of hyperthyroidism. Median survival time for cats treated with methimazole alone was significantly shorter than median survival time for cats treated with I-131 alone or methimazole followed by I-131. |
| 2006/02 Radioiodine Treatment of Hyperthyroidism Radioactive iodine provides a simple, effective, and safe treatment for cats with hyperthyroidism and is regarded by most authorities to be the treatment of choice. |
| 2006/02 Medical Management of Hyperthyroidism Radioiodine is considered the treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism, but in some situations, methimazole therapy is preferred, such as in cats with pre-existing renal insufficiency. |
| 2006/02 Measurement of total thyroxine concentration in serum from dogs and cats by use of various methods Total T4 concentrations determined in dogs and cats by use of 4 commonly used methods provided similar and consistent results. |
| 2006/02 Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer |
| 2006/02 Hyperthyroidism and the Kidney Hyperthyroidism and chronic renal failure (CRF) are both common diseases of older cats. Hyperthyroidism increases GFR by a variety of physiologic effects. Chronic renal failure can suppress total T4 concentrations in cats with concurrent hyperthyroidism. |
| 2006/02 Diagnostic Tests for Hyperthyroidism in Cats The diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, one of the most common disorders affecting elderly cats, is usually straightforward and considered routine by most practitioners. This paper reviews the available tests used to confirm a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats and discusses their overall usefulness. |
| 2006/02 Diagnosis of Congenital and Adult-Onset Hypothyroidism in Cats Whereas hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder in the cat, hypothyroidism is the least common feline endocrine disorder. |
| 2005/11 THYROID TO SALIVARY RATIOS DETERMINED BY TECHNETIUM-99mPERTECHNETATE IMAGING IN THIRTY-TWO EUTHYROID CATS Thyroid to salivary (TS) ratio is the most commonly used scintigraphic parameter for differentiating euthyroid and hyperthyroid cats. |
| 2005/11 Seroreactivity to A-type retrovirus proteins in a subset of cats with hyperthyroidism. These results suggest that it may be possible to develop an animal (feline) model for the role of retroviruses in thyroid autoimmune diseases. |
| 2005/11 Relationship between selected echocardiographic variables before and after radioiodine treatment in 91 hyperthyroid cats. Pretreatment T-4 assessment was not useful in determining which cats may have potentially relevant echocardiographic abnormalities, some echocardiographic abnormalities may emerge after treatment, and that less than 10% of the pre- or posttreatment abnormalities would be considered clinically relevant. |
| 2005/10
Serum Troponin I Levels in Hyperthyroid Cats Before and After Treatment with Radioactive Iodine
These results suggest that chronic exposure to excess thyroid hormone may induce myocyte damage of sufficient severity to raise serum cTnI concentration in a proportion of cats that resolves following establishment of a euthyroid state. |
| 2005/09 Somatic mutations of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene in feline hyperthyroidism: parallels with human hyperthyroidism. The identification of a potential genetic basis for feline hyperthyroidism is novel, increases our understanding of the pathogenesis of this significant feline disease, and confirms its similarity to TNG. |
| 2005/09 Feline hyperthyroidism. The contribution of nuclear medicine. Radioiodine treatment is considered to be the easiest, the most effective and with fewer complications treatment for FH compared to thyreostatic drugs or surgical treatment. The contribution of nuclear medicine in FH is an interesting challenge for both veterinary and nuclear medicine. |
| 2005/09 Expression of inhibitory G proteins in adenomatous thyroid glands obtained from hyperthyroid cats. A decrease in Gi2 expression decreases inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and allows a relative increase in stimulatory G protein expression. This results in increased amounts of cAMP and subsequent unregulated mitogenesis and hormone production in hyperthyroid cells. Decreased Gi2 expression may explain excessive growth and function of the thyroid gland in cats with hyperthyroidism. |
| 2005/08 Pleural effusion with hyperthyroidism. Generally, most ECG abnormalities resolve with successful management of thyrotoxicosis. |
| 2005/07 Sedating and Anesthetizing Patients That Have Organ System Dysfunction What agents and monitoring devices might be better in these patients? This anesthesiologist tells you how to handle common situations, such as: "Based on the results of physical examination and routine screening tests, what constitutes dysfunction of such severity to warrant a change in routine sedation or anesthetic protocols?" |
| 2005/06 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC VARIABLES BEFORE AND AFTER RADIOIODINE TREATMENT IN 91 HYPERTHYROID CATS Ninety-one spontaneously hyperthyroid cats were studied by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography with in a week before and 220133 months following oral radioiodine administration. |
| 2005/05 Update on thyroid function tests in cats: Where does TSH fit in? An optimal feline TSH assay system would hopefully distinguish normal from low values. Such sensitivity will be critical as practitioners are already recognizing cats with palpable thyroid glands but normal total and free T4 concentrations. Also, the diagnostic difficulties associated with sick hyperthyroid cats would presumably be alleviated. |
| 2005/05 Thyroid disorders in the geriatric patient. Thyroid disorders are common in older pets. They often present a diagnostic challenge, and reaching a definitive diagnosis can be difficult or impossible in some cases. It is important for the veterinary practitioner to be familiar with the historical, physical examination, and clinicopathologic data findings in each of these diseases and to become comfortable with the treatment, monitoring, and prognosis associated with thyroid diseases in geriatric pets. |
| 2005/05 The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the development of systemic hypertension in cats treated for hyperthyroidism. The cause for the development of hypertension in cats that are being treated for hyperthyroidism remains enigmatic. Activation of the RAAS tends to decrease with treatment both in cats that remain normotensive and those that develop hypertension. Although renal function declined significantly with treatment, cats in both NT (3/10) and HT (6/11) groups developed azotemia, and creatinine concentrations were not significantly different between the groups. The role of declining renal function in development of hypertension is worthy of further study. |
| 2005/05 Serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in cats with hyperthyroidism. These findings suggest the presence of significant malabsorption of both cobalamin and folate in cats with hyperthyroidism, although hypermetabolism may lead to increased vitamin requirements. Hyperthyroidism may directly or indirectly lead to vitamin malabsorption, or some hyperthyroid cats may have concurrent small intestinal disease. Whatever the mechanism, concurrent intestinal dysfunction and vitamin deficiencies appear to be common in hyperthyroid cats. |
| 2005/05 G proteins show normal activation in response to thyroid stimulating hormone in feline hyperthyroid cells. G protein activity is not altered in HT cells and a decreased expression of Gi protein and not an alteration in activity is part of the pathogenesis of feline hyperthyroidism. |
| 2005/05 Expression and purification of feline thyrotropin (fTSH): Immunological detection and bioactivity of heteridimeric and yoked glycoproteins. This work constitutes the first report of in vitro expression and purification of recombinant feline thyrotropin. The demonstration of immunological recognition by antibodies generated against pituitary-source TSH, and of bioactivity confirms that the recombinant glycoprotein may be used to standardize and improve clinical assays for feline TSH. |
| 2005/05 Effects of methimazole on thyroid gland uptake of 99mTC-pertechnetate in 19 hyperthyroid cats. Quantitatively, thyroid scintigraphy did not significantly change after methimazole treatment (P>0.1). Evaluation of serum TSH concentration may be helpful in identifying methimazole-induced changes in the scintigraphic features of hyperthyroidism in mildly hyperthyroid cats. |
| 2005/05 Cloning and sequencing of feline thyrotropin (fTSH): Heterodimeric and yoked constructs. This work describes for the first time the full coding sequences of the two subunits of fTSH and has produced DNA constructs for its in vitro expression and purification. |
| 2005/05 Association of the risk of development of hypothyroidism after iodine 131 treatment with the pretreatment pattern of sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m uptake in the thyroid gland in cats with hyperthyroidism: 165 cases (1990-2002). Cats with hyperthyroidism that have a bilateral scintigraphic pattern in the thyroid gland before 131I treatment appear to have a significantly higher risk of subsequently developing hypothyroidism, compared with cats with a unilateral scintigraphic pattern. |
| 2005/04 Secondary hypothyroidism following head trauma in a cat. An 18-month-old female neutered domestic short hair cat was examined because of marked polydipsia and stunted growth following head trauma when it was 8 weeks old. A presumptive diagnosis of secondary hypothyroidism and central diabetes insipidus following head trauma was made. |
| 2005/02 Thyrotropin-stimulated DNA synthesis and thyroglobulin expression in normal and hyperthyroid feline thyrocytes in monolayer culture. These data support the idea that feline hyperthyroidism is caused by cell abnormalities, resulting in dysregulated growth and hormone synthesis, and emphasize its importance as an animal model for Thyrotoxic Nodular Goiter. |
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2005/02
Multivariate Analysis Of Risk Factors For Feline Hyperthyroidism In New Zealand The results of this study support and extend those in several earlier reports and show that cats in New Zealand are, in many respects, similar to cats in Europe and North America in terms of their susceptibility to hyperthyroidism. The finding that female cats are predisposed to hyperthyroidism is at variance with most previously published work. It remains unclear which, if any, of the identified disease associations are causal, so further studies of this increasingly prevalent feline endocrinopathy are warranted. |
| 2005/02 Calcinosis involving multiple paws in a cat with chronic renal failure and in a cat with hyperthyroidism Calcinosis of multiple paws is described in two cats. A metastatic pathogenesis was supported by the laboratory findings of hyperphosphataemia and a calcium x phosphorus solubility product > 7 g/L. |
| 2005/01 Feline endocrinopathies Feline endocrinopathies (excluding diabetes mellitus) include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, hyposomatotropism, diabetes insipidus, hyperadrenocorticism, primary sex hormone-secreting adrenal tumors, primary hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, hypoadrenocorticism, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism. |
| 2004/11 The options for treating feline hyperthyroidism. The options for treating feline hyperthyroidism include surgery, medical therapy, and radioiodine therapy. The choice among these options is based on the animal's clinical status (the severity of clinical signs and the presence of concurrent nonthyroidal illness), the costs, the clinician's experience, and the availability of radioiodine therapy. |
| 2004/11 Examining the pathogenesis of feline hyperthyroidism. No specific etiologies have been identified, but environmental and genetic factors have been studied to help explain the increase in the incidence of hyperthyroidism over the past few decades. |
| 2004/11 Choosing the best tests to diagnose feline hyperthyroidism. Nonthyroidal illness can interfere with the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, especially in cats with mild increases in total T4. Measuring free T4 by equilibrium dialysis and performing nuclear scintigraphy can enhance our ability to accurately diagnose this disorder in cats, including cats with concurrent nonthyroidal illness. |
| 2004/09 Transdermal methimazole treatment in cats with hyperthyroidism. Although the overall efficacy of transdermal methimazole is not as high as that of oral methimazole at 2 weeks of treatment, it is associated with fewer GI adverse effects compared to the oral route. |
| 2004/09 Efficacy and safety of transdermal methimazole in the treatment of cats with hyperthyroidism. Although the overall efficacy of transdermal methimazole is not as high as that of oral methimazole at 2 weeks of treatment, it is associated with fewer GI adverse effects compared to the oral route. |
| 2004/08 Traumatic partial hypopituitarism in a cat Traumatic hypopituitarism was diagnosed in an 11-month-old male neutered cat. The presenting complaints were polydipsia, polyuria and lethargy of three months' duration. |
| 2004/07 The activity of the feline thyroglobulin promoter is compromised by flanking adenoviral sequence. These results suggest cis acting elements in the flanking adenoviral sequences may compromise the activity of the feline thyroglobulin promoter and thus make Ad5 an unsuitable vector for transcriptionally targeted gene therapy in feline hyperthyroidism. |
| 2004/05 |
| 2004/05 Management of hypertension in a geriatric cat Hyperthyroidism and chronic renal disease occur commonly in geriatric cats, often in association with potentially life-threatening primary or secondary hypertension. |
| 2004/05 Hypertension In Dogs and Cats The veterinary community has been slow to embrace the practice of routine screening for hypertension despite the realization that persistent elevations in blood pressure can have serious and even life-threatening consequences. |
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2004/05
Effect Of Dietary Soy On Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentrations In Healthy Adult Cats Short-term administration of dietary soy has a measurable although modest effect on thyroid hormone homeostasis in cats. Increase in T4 concentration relative to T3 concentration may result from inhibition of 5´-iodothyronine deiodinase or enhanced T3 clearance. Soy is a common dietary component that increases serum T4 concentration in cats. |
| 2004/03 High urinary corticoid/creatinine ratios in cats with hyperthyroidism. The results of this study demonstrate that the urinary C : C ratio may be abnormally high in cats with hyperthyroidism, probably because of increased metabolic clearance of cortisol and activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis by disease. Although the clinical features of hyperthyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism in cats are different, hyperthyroidism should be ruled out when cats are suspected of hyperadrenocorticism on the basis of abnormally high urinary C : C ratios. |
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2004/03
Epidemiologic Study Of Relationships Between Consumption Of Commercial Canned Food And Risk Of Hyperthyroidism In Cats These findings suggest that the increasing prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism is not solely the result of aging of the cat population and that canned foods may play a role.Multivariate Analysis Of Risk Factors For Feline Hyperthyroidism In New Zealand |
| 2004/03 Computed tomographic densitometry of normal feline thyroid glands. Normal feline thyroid tissue is easily detected using CT without contrast medium enhancement. This information may be useful for CT evaluation of abnormal feline thyroid glands. |
| 2004/02 Treating Thyroid and Parathyroid Neoplasia in Dogs and Cats Once a diagnosis of neoplasia of the thyroid gland is suspected or confirmed, a variety of treatments are available for dogs and cats. In this article, we first review the available therapeutic options for thyroid neoplasia in dogs and cats. We then describe therapy for parathyroid neoplasia, which is less common in both species. |
| 2003/12 Percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency heat ablation for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats OBJECTIVE: To determine efficacy and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency heat ablation for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. |
| 2003/10 Relationship between orally administered dose, surface emission rate for gamma radiation, and urine radioactivity in radioiodine-treated hyperthyroid cats. Surface emission rates for cats administered I131 appeared useful in determining upper limits (threshold) of urine radioactivity and are a valid method to assess the time at which cats can be discharged after I131 administration. |
| 2003/09 THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN HYPERTHYROID CATS AT DIAGNOSIS AND FOLLOWING TREATMENT. Hyperthyroidism has been reported as an important cause of hypertension in the cat. However systematic studies of blood pressure in hyperthyroid cats have not been reported and, in large case series, signs consistent with hypertensive retinopathy/choroidopathy have been noted infrequently. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension in hyperthyroid cats at the time of diagnosis, and following initial treatment. In conclusion, severe hypertension is relatively uncommon in cats at the time of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. However, a significant number of cats will develop hypertension following the induction of euthyroidism. It is, therefore, important to monitor cats’ blood pressure following initiation of therapy. |
| 2003/09 LONG-TERM CHANGES IN GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN HYPERTHYROID CATS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH IODINE-131. It is generally believed that there is a decline in renal function following treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats, but no long-term assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) has been performed. Our aim was to assess the effect of iodine-131 treatment on immediate and long-term renal function in cats with hyperthyroidism. In conclusion, most hyperthyroid cats treated with iodine-131 showed a significant decline in GFR within one month following treatment, however, this decline did not continue. Results also indicated that a subnormal TT4 may contribute to this reduction in GFR as normalisation of TT4 resulted in marked increase in GFR. Therefore, a dose of iodine-131 should be used, which does not render TT4 below the normal reference range. If the same is true for medical or surgical management of feline hyperthyroidism needs to be assessed. |
| 2003/09 Effect of measurement method on blood pressure findings in cats before and after therapy for hyperthyroidism. We conclude that the method of measurement may affect BP results in hyperthyroid cats and that within the Doppler method, BP values obtained in a controlled environment by a trained operator are significantly lower than values obtained in a less controlled situation. Blood pressure methodologies used in this small study did not detect a significant change in BP in response to therapy for hyperthyroidism. |
| 2003/07 Cystic thyroid and parathyroid lesions in cats Reports of cystic thyroid and parathyroid masses in cats are uncommon. Herein, the authors describe a series of four cats with cystic ventral cervical lesions, among them thyroid cyst (n=1), thyroid cystadenoma (n=2), and parathyroid adenocarcinoma (n=1). |
| 2003/05 Total thyroxine testing: Comparison of an in-house test kit with radioimmuno- and chemiluminescent assays. Excellent concordance between Snap T4 results and either RIA or Immulite results was observed. All of these technologies can be used to accurately measure serum TT4 concentrations, but because of slight test-associated biases, the most consistent results will be obtained by using 1 test method exclusively. |
| 2003/05 RELATION OF SURVIVAL TIME AND URINARY PROTEIN EXCRETION IN CATS WITH RENAL FAILURE AND/OR HYPERTENSION. Proteinuria is related to survival time in humans with renal failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of proteinuria to survival time in cats with variable renal function, and with or without systemic hypertension. Proteinuria predicts reduced survival times in cats with CRF. Further studies are now warranted to determine whether interventions that decrease proteinuria, such as treatment with ACE-inhibitors, will improve survival of cats with renal failure. |
| 2003/05 Diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism using thyroid scintigraphy. This study demonstrates that a palpable thyroid nodule is suggestive of feline hyperthyroidism despite normal serum thyroxine levels. In these cats additional diagnostics such as thyroid scintigraphy or measurement of fT4(ED) is recommended for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. |
| 2003/05 Clinical efficacy of transdermal methimazole in cats with hyperthyroidism. The results of this study indicate that transdermal methimazole in PLO gel results in comparable efficacy by 4 weeks of treatment, with fewer GI side effects, compared to the same dose administered orally, and is therefore is a viable alternative in the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism. |
| 2003/04 Transdermal methimazole treatment in cats with hyperthyroidism The objectives of this study were to assess serum thyroxine concentrations and clinical response in hyperthyroid cats to treatment with transdermal methimazole, and to determine if further investigation is indicated. |
| 2003/04 Evaluation of relationships between pretreatment patient variables and duration of isolation for radioiodine-treated hyperthyroid cats. A pretreatment estimate for duration of isolation could be determined only from an equation based on the orally administered dose of 131I. These findings suggest that administration of the lowest efficacious dose possible is the dominant factor in reduction of duration of isolation for cats treated with 131I. |
| 2003/04 Efficacy and safety of once versus twice daily administration of methimazole in cats with hyperthyroidism. Results suggest that once daily administration of methimazole was not as effective as twice daily administration in cats with hyperthyroidism and cannot be recommended for routine use. |
| 2003/02 Use of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone for thyrotropin-stimulation testing of euthyroid cats. The TSH stimulation test can be performed in cats by IV administration of 0.025 to 0.200 mg of rhTSH and measurement of serum TT4 concentrations at time of injection and 6 or 8 hours later. Clinical validation of the TSH stimulation test would facilitate development of additional tests of thyroid gland function, such as a TSH assay. |
| 2003/01 Juvenile hyperthyroidism in a cat. The cat was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, and a unilateral thyroidectomy was performed followed by radioactive iodine at a later date. The clinical signs resolved following radioactive iodine, and the cat subsequently developed clinical hypothyroidism. |
| 2002/12
Radioiodine treatment of feline hyperthyroidism in Germany |
| 2002/11 Predictors of response to radioiodine therapy in hyperthyroid cats. There was a significant relationship between pretreatment thyroxine values and post-treatment thyroxine values at all of the follow-up time points (p < 0.001). There was also a relationship between thyroid to salivary gland technetium scan ratio results and serum thyroxine values at pretreatment and at 1 week post-treatment (p = 0.02, 0.005, respectively). A greater scan ratio was associated with higher thyroxine levels at these time points, but not at 1, 3, 6 or 12 months post-therapy. |
| 2002/09 Pathogenesis of feline hyperthyroidism |
| 2002/07 Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy as a predictor of serum thyroxin concentration in normal and hyperthyroid cats Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy using pertechnetate was performed in 43 cats with various T4 concentrations and compared to eight normal control cats. |
| 2002/07 Evaluation of an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitative measurement of serum total thyroxine concentration in dogs and cats OBJECTIVE: To compare serum total thyroxine (T4) concentrations obtained with an in-house ELISA and a validated radioimmunoassay (RIA). DESIGN: Laboratory trial. SAMPLE POPULATION: 50 canine and 50 feline serum samples submitted for measurement of total T4 concentration with the RIA; samples were selected to represent a wide range of concentrations (< 6 to 167 nmol/L). |
| 2002/06 Bioavailability of transdermal methimazole in a pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO) in healthy cats. The results of this study indicate generally low to undetectable bioavailability of methimazole in a lecithin/pluronic gel given as a single transdermal dose to healthy cats, although one individual cat did achieve nearly 100% transdermal bioavailability relative to the oral route. |
| 2002/05 Thyroid Nodules In Euthyroid Cats: A Matter Of Age Or Time? Retrospective studies support the presence of a subset of cats with nodules not inducing clinical hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, new data provided indicate that early surgical removal of the enlarged thyroid glands is frequently validated by abnormal histopathology. |
| 2002/03 Serum from cats with hyperthyroidism does not activate feline thyrotropin receptors |
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2002/03
Percutaneous ultrasonographically guided radiofrequency heat ablation for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of radiofrequency heat ablation for treatment of cats with naturally occurring hyperthyroidism. Unipolar radiofrequency heat ablation is feasible and effective as a short-term treatment for feline hyper-thyroidism, but has not been effective as a permanent treatment like radioiodine therapy. |
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2002/02
Identification And Concentration Of Soy Isoflavones In Commercial Cat Foods Genistein and daidzein are common constituents of commercial cat foods. Predictors of isoflavone content included ingredient labeling, food type, and food cost. Soy isoflavones in some commercial cat foods were detected in amounts predicted to have a biological effect. |
| 2002/02 Feline hyperthyroidism: advances towards novel molecular therapeutics Feline hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder of the elderly cat. Traditionally, the disease is treated by surgical thyroidectomy, medical management with antithyroid drugs or radiation therapy using iodine-131. |
| 2002/02 Cloning of the cat TSH receptor and evidence against an autoimmune etiology of feline hyperthyroidism Cats are the only nonhuman mammalian species with a high incidence of hyperthyroidism, and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of feline hyperthyroidism is of clinical relevance for veterinary medicine. The etiology of this disease in cats remains controversial. Both an intrinsic autonomy of growth and function of follicular cells as well as an autoimmune-related mechanism have been proposed. |
| 2001/09 The effect of methimazole on thyroid uptake of pertechnetate and radioiodine in normal cats Many hyperthyroid cats referred for thyroid imaging and 131I therapy are concurrently or recently receiving antithyroid medications. The effect of the antithyroid drug, methimazole, on thyroid uptake of 99mTcO4 and 123I was evaluated in 8 normal cats. |
| 2001/09 Feline hyperthyroidism. Diagnostics and therapeutics Today, hyperthyroid cats are less symptomatic than those 10 or 15 years ago, and early diagnosis impacts the range and severity of the routine clinicopathological abnormalities traditionally associated with this disorder. |
| 2001/06 Selenium Status Of Cats In Four Regions Of The World And Comparison With Reported Incidence Of Hyperthyroidism In Cats In Those Regions Cats have higher Se concentrations in plasma, compared with values for other species. However, Se status alone does not appear to affect the incidence of hyperthyroidism in cats. High Se concentrations may have implications for health of cats if such concentrations are influenced by the amount of that micronutrient included in diets. |
| 2001/05 Functional cystic thyroid adenoma in a cat. Possible causes of cystic ventral cervical masses in cats include thyroid, thyroglossal duct, and parathyroid cysts; however, the possibility that such masses represent cystic thyroid adenomas or cystic thyroid carcinomas should also be considered. |
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2001/04
Use of Percutaneous Ethanol Injection for Treatment of Bilateral Hyperplastic Thyroid Nodules in Cats Percutaneous ethanol ablation of bilateral thyroid nodules as a treatment for cats with hyperthyroidism is not recommended. This treatment is not as efficacious as the medical and surgical treatments presently used. |
| 2001/04 Percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of unilateral hyperplastic thyroid nodules in cats |
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2001/03
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test to Assess Thyroid Function in Severely Sick Cats Based on the results of serum T4 determinations and the TRH stimulation tests alone, it was not possible to document hyperthyroidism in many critically ill cats with severe nonthyroidal illnesses. This study demonstrates the limitations in laboratory evaluations of severely sick cats. In many of these critically ill cats their otherwise elevated thyroid hormone levels were suppressed into the normal range by their concurrent nonthyroidal disease. |
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2001/02
Measurement of Serum Concentrations of Free Thyroxine, Total Thyroxine, and Total Triiodothyronine in Cats with Hyperthyroidism and Cats with Nonthyroidal Disease Results indicate that determination of free T4 concentration is useful in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, especially in cats in which hyperthyroidism is suspected but total T4 and T3 concentrations are within reference ranges. However, because some cats with nonthyroidal disease have high serum free T4 concentrations, hyperthyroidism should not be diagnosed solely on the finding of a high free T4 concentration. |
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2001/01
Long-Term Health and Predictors of Survival for Hyperthyroid Cats Treated with Iodine 131 Two hundred thirty-one cats treated with radioactive iodine at the Texas Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital were followed for a median of 25 months and tables predicting survival after diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism for various age and sex combinations were created. This study provides estimates of duration of survival for cats successfully treated for hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine, which can be useful in assisting with client treatment decisions. |
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2000/09
Evaluation Of Dietary and Environmental Risk Factors For Hyperthyroidism In Cats This study suggests that cats which eat certain flavors (fish or liver and giblet flavors) of canned cat food may have a significantly increased risk of hyperthyroidism.This study found no link between the development of hyperthyroidism and exposure to regular treatment with flea sprays or powders; exposure to lawn herbicides, fertilizers or powders; or living indoors. |
| 2000/09 Ectopic lingual thyroid tissue in a cat Ectopic thyroid tissue was identified at the base of the tongue in a 9-year-old, euthyroid, domestic shorthair cat. |
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2000/08
Altered Expression of G Proteins in Thyroid Gland Adenomas Obtained from Hyperthyroid Cats The finding of decreased amount of Gi[alpha] in thyroid gland adenomas may indicate that G[i] plays a role in the inhibition of growth and differentiation of the feline thyroid gland. Decreased amounts of Gi[alpha] could reduce the overall inhibitory effect on adenyl cyclase leading to abnormally high concentrations of cAMP, resulting in cell growth and differentiation. |
| 2000/07 Feline hyperthyroidism: spectrum of clinical presentions and response to carbimazole therapy OBJECTIVE: To determine the spectrum of clinical presentations of hyperthyroidism in cats and response to carbimazole therapy by analysis of historical, clinical and laboratory data. |
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2000/05
Effects of Methimazole on Renal Function in Cats with Hyperthyroidism The results of this study agree with others that hyperthyroidism increases GFR, and treatment with methimazole, surgical thyroidectomy, or radioiodine decreases GFR. Isosthenuria was present prior to methimazole treatment in the three hyperthyroid cats that developed azotemia after treatment. Thus, hyperthyroid cats with isosthenuria prior to treatment may be at risk for development of renal failure after euthyroidism is established, so a pretreatment urinalysis is indicated in all cases. |
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2000/03
Prevalence of Ocular Abnormalities in Cats with Hyperthyroidism Active retinal lesions were only observed in 3 hyperthyroid cats (3%). The results of this study indicate that hyperthyroidism does not seem to be a frequent cause of abnormalities in the eyes of cats. |
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2000/02
Tissue sources of serum alkaline phosphatase in 34 hyperthyroid cats: a qualitative and quantitative study. In hyperthyroid cats, there was a significant correlation between the serum L-thyroxine concentrations and the SALP concentrations. These findings suggest pathological changes in both bone and liver in most cases of feline thyrotoxicosis. |
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2000/01
Prothrombin, Activated Partial Thromboplastin, and Proteins Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonists Clotting Times in 20 Hyperthyroid Cats Before and After Methimazole Treatment Seemingly, doses of methimazole commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism in cats do not cause alteration in PT and APTT and only rarely prolong PIVKA clotting time. Nevertheless, abnormal PIVKA clotting time may explain bleeding tendencies unassociated with thrombocytopenia in methimazole-treated hyperthyroid cats. |
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1999/11
Serum Fructosamine Concentration in Cats with Overt Hyperthyroidism Serum fructosamine concentrations in hyperthyroid cats were significantly lower than values in healthy cats due to accelerated plasma protein turnover. Diabetic cats have elevated serum fructosamine concentrations proportional to the degree of hyperglycemia present during the preceding two weeks. Hyperthyroid cats with diabetes mellitus should have lowered serum fructosamine concentrations which may fall within the euglycemic range of normal cats, or below. Therefore, serum fructosamine concentration should not be used to diagnose or assess the adequacy of treatment of diabetes in cats with concurrent hyperthyroidism that has not been controlled for at least six weeks. Additionally concentration of serum fructosamine in hyperthyroid cats should not be used to differentiate between diabetes mellitus and transitory stress-related hyperglycemia. |
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1999/09
Surgical Options for the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism in the Cat Since more than 80% of hyperthyroid cats have neoplastic changes in both thyroid glands, bilateral thyroidectomy is necessary for treatment of the majority of hyperthyroid cats. Several different thyroidectomy techniques have been developed in an attempt to minimize potential post-operative complications associated with bilateral thyroidectomy such as hypocalcemia or recurrence of hyperthyroidism. Damage to or removal of all four parathyroid glands during bilateral thyroidectomy causes hypocalcemia, the most common post-operative complication. Recurrence of hyperthyroidism can occur months after initial thyroidectomy if residual adenomatous thyroid tissue is retained in the surgical site. Thyroidectomy is a very effective treatment option for hyperthyroid cats. |
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1999/07
Use of Propranolol and Potassium Iodate in the Presurgical Management of Hyperthyroid Cats Based on the findings of this study, propranolol followed by potassium iodate is an effective alternative preoperative treatment for hyperthyroidism in cats. Liver function should be monitored, particularly when iodate treatment is added to the treatment regime. The finding that propranolol treatment decreases serum T3 is consistent with findings in man that the drug inhibits deiodinase activity, preventing conversion of T4 to the more active T3. |
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1999/07
Evaluation of Environmental, Nutritional, and Host Factors in Cats with Hyperthyroidism The pathologic changes associated with hyperthyroidism (adenomatous hyperplasia, adenoma of the thyroid gland) have been well characterized in cats, but the pathogenesis of these changes remains unclear. Results suggested a 2- to 3-fold increase in risk of developing hyperthyroidism among cats eating a diet composed mostly of canned cat food and a 3-fold increase in risk among those using cat litter. In contrast, the use of commercial flea products did not retain a strong association. The results of this study indicate that further research into dietary and other potentially important environmental factors (e.g., cat litter) is warranted. |
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1999/03
Overexpression of c-Ras in hyperplasia and adenomas of the feline thyroid gland: an immunohistochemical analysis of 34 cases. These results indicated that overexpression of c-ras was highly associated with areas of nodular follicular hyperplasia/adenomas of feline thyroid glands, and mutations in this oncogene may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of hyperthyroidism in cats. |
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1999/03
Medical Therapy of Feline Hyperthyroidism Antithyroid medications and radioiodine constitute the two main medical options. Methimazole and carbimazole are effective in most cats, but monitoring is required to assess efficacy of therapy and development of side effects. Ipodate is an oral agent that may be used as an alternative in some cats. Radioiodine therapy is also highly successful. Although [beta]-adrenergic blockers do not affect thyroid hormone concentration, they reverse some of the effects of the hyperthyroid state and can be used in combination with antithyroid medications or surgery. |
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1999/01
Electrocardiographic and Radiographic Changes in Cats With Hyperthyroidism: Comparison of Populations Evaluated During 1992-1993 vs. 1979-1982 Two populations (1992 to 1993 and 1979 to 1982) of confirmed hyperthyroid cats were compared to determine whether the incidence of certain cardiovascular specific manifestations of feline thyrotoxicosis had experienced similar changes. Sinus tachycardia, which is the most commonly recognized cardiac manifestation of feline thyrotoxicosis, was not as prevalent in the 1993 group when compared to the 1982 group. Thoracic radiographs were deemed necessary in a larger proportion of the 1982 group when compared to the 1993 group. These findings suggest that feline hyperthyroidism is being diagnosed earlier and with less severe clinical signs than when studied a decade ago. |
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1998/09
A First Feline Case of Cardiomyopathy Associated With Hyperthyroidism due to Thyroid Adenoma in Japan A 13-year-old castrated male Persian cat was presented with depression, anorexia, and weight loss. Radiographic and electrocardiographical examinations revealed cardiomegaly and sinus tachycardia. Cardiac ultrasonography indicated hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall and interventricular septum, and left atrial enlargement. Elevated serum T3 and T4 levels were observed, and thyroid adenoma was confirmed by histopathology. Based on these findings, the cat was diagnosed as cardiomyopathy associated with hyperthyroidism induced by thyroid tumor. This report describes the first feline case of cardiomyopathy associated with hyperthyroidism in Japan. |
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1998/05
Efficacy of Parathyroid Gland Autotransplantation in Maintaining Serum Calcium Concentrations After Bilateral Thyroparathyroidectomy in Cats Feline hyperthyroidism is a multisystemic endocrinopathy. While multiple methods of treatment exist, surgical removal of the abnormal thyroid tissue remains the most widely available curative procedure. The most serious complication of bilateral thyroidectomy is postoperative hypocalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism and associated hypocalcemia result from accidental removal of the external parathyroid glands or disruption of their vascular supply. The hypocalcemia often can be severe and life threatening, requiring intensive monitoring and care followed by prolonged supplementation with calcium and vitamin D analogues. While parathyroid autotransplantation greatly reduces morbidity in the parathyroidectomized cat, transplanted normal thyroid tissue was present in at least three of eight cats with thyroparathyroidectomy and autotransplantation. It may be possible to transplant diseased thyroid tissue in a clinical case. This may lead to an ectopic site of thyroid adenoma or adenocarcinoma. |
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1997/07
Ipodate Treatment of Hyperthyroidism in Cats lpodate may be a feasible alternative to methimazole for medical treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats, particularly those that cannot tolerate methimazole and are not candidates for surgery or radiotherapy. Cats with severe hyperthyroidism are less likely to respond to ipodate than are cats with mild or moderate disease, and cats in which serum T3 concentration does not return to the reference range are unlikely to have an adequate improve merit in clinical signs. |
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1997/05
Changes in Renal Function in Cats Following Treatment of Hyperthyroidism Using 131I It was concluded that significant declines in renal function occur after treatment of hyperthyroidism and this decline is clinically important in cats with renal disease. Pretreatment measurement of GFR is valuable in detecting subclinical renal disease and in predicting which cats may have clinically important declines in renal function following treatment. |
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1997/01
Investigation of the effects of hyperthyroidism on renal function in the cat. This study evaluated the effects of thyroxine on renal function in the cat. Administration of high doses of exogenous thyroxine to cats results in significant stimulation of renal function. |
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1996/12
Study of calcium homeostasis in feline hyperthyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism occurred in 77 per cent of hyperthyroid cats, with parathyroid hormone concentrations reaching up to 19 times the upper limit of the normal range. The etiology, significance and reversibility of hyperparathyroidism in feline hyperthyroidism remains to be established but could have important implications for both bone strength and renal function. |
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1996/12
Alkaline phosphatase bone isoenzyme and osteocalcin in the serum of hyperthyroid cats. This study concluded that hyperthyroid cats do have altered bone metabolism, although it is usually clinically insignificant. |
| 1996/06 Effect of illness not associated with the thyroid gland on serum total and free thyroxine concentrations in cats OBJECTIVE--To determine circulating concentrations and fate of total and free thyroxine (T4) in cats with various illnesses not associated with the thyroid glands (nonthyroidal illnesses). |
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1996/03
Effect of treatment of hyperthyroidism on renal function in cats. Reduction of serum T4 concentrations after treatment of hyperthyroidism may result in azotemia in older cats with chronic renal disease. Treating azotemic hyperthyroid cats with methimazole until it can be determined whether correction of the hyperthyroid state will exacerbate the azotemia may be prudent. |
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1996/01
Feline Hyperthyroidism: Efficacy Of Treatment Using Volumetric Analysis For Radioiodine Dose Calculation The administration of a dose of radioiodine based solely on the volume of hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue as estimated from the pertechnetate scan may be inadequate for those patients with extremely elevated serum thyroxine levels or large thyroid glands, and oral administration of radioiodine is not recommended for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism. |
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1995/12
Radioiodine treatment of 524 cats with hyperthyroidism. Results of the study confirms that subcutaneous administration of radioiodine provides a safe and effective means of treating hyperthyroidism in cats. |
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1995/10
Response to high-dose radioactive iodine administration in cats with thyroid carcinoma that had previously undergone surgery. There were no complications associated with 131I treatment, and clinical signs resolved in all cats. All 7 cats became hypothyroid after treatment. |
| 1995/04 Treatment of thyroid carcinoma in dogs by surgical resection alone: 20 cases (1981-1989) Of 82 dogs with thyroid carcinoma seen between January 1981 and October 1989, 20 had freely movable tumors without evidence of metastasis and were treated with surgical excision alone. |
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1995/02
Changes in clinical and laboratory findings in cats with hyperthyroidism from 1983 to 1993. Overall, the frequency and severity of many clinical features of hyperthyroidism in casts has decreased over the past 10 years since the first cases of the disease were reported. |
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1994/12
Prospective randomized comparison of intravenous versus subcutaneous administration of radioiodine for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. When compared with IV administration, SC administration of radioiodine appeared to be as effective for treatment of hyperthyroidism, safer to personnel, and less stressful to the cats. |
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1994/12
Ocular disease associated with hypertension in 16 cats Between 1990 and 1993, 16 cats were referred with acute onset blindness or intraocular haemorrhage. Blood pressure assessment, using the Doppler ultrasonic recording technique in 11 of the cats, proved these cases to be hypertensive. Fifteen cats underwent further investigation, revealing 13 with some degree of renal impairment and one as hyperthyroid. Five underwent cardiac ultrasound and all showed evidence of cardiac hypertrophy. The eyes from four of the cats were examined histologically and showed serous or haemorrhagic retinal detachments with varying degrees of retinal degeneration and a range of ocular hypertensive vascular changes. Two cats had full post mortem examinations which revealed evidence of renal and thyroid pathology. |
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1994/12
Changes in renal function associated with treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. This study provides further evidence that treatment of hyperthyroidism can result in impaired renal function. In addition, this study suggests that, in some instances, thyrotoxicosis might mask underlying chronic renal insufficiency. |
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1994/11
The Prevalence of Retinopathy in Cats with Systemic Hypertension and Chronic Renal Failure or Hyperthyroidism - Thirty-six cats with either chronic renal failure or hyperthyroidism were examined. Indirect systemic blood pressure and ophthalmic findings were recorded for each cat. Fifteen of 23 cats (65%) with chronic renal failure had blood pressure readings consistent with hypertension. Twelve of these 15 (80%) had hypertensive retinopathy. Three of 13 cats (23%) with hyperthyroidism had blood pressure readings consistent with hypertension. One of these three cats (33%) had hypertensive retinopathy. The most common findings of hypertensive retinopathy were hemorrhages and intraretinal serous exudates. |
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1994/07
Use of the Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test to Diagnose Mild Hyperthyroidism in Cats As a diagnostic test, the TRH stimulation test compares favorably with the T3 suppression test but requires less time and is more convenient to perform. |
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1994/07
Quantitative Aspects of Thyroid Scintigraphy With Pertechnetate (99mTco4 ) in Cats It is concluded that the optimal time for visualization of the thyroid by 99mTcO4-scanning is 60 minutes after IV injection of the radionuclide. |
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1994/07
Acute onset of hypokalemia and muscular weakness in four hyperthyroid cats Hyperthyroid cats may be prone to disturbances in potassium homeostasis. Clinicians should be aware of potential changes in potassium homeostasis during the treatment of cats with hyperthyroidism. |
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1994/06
Radioactive iodine therapy for feline hyperthyroidism: Efficacy and administration routes There was no difference in the outcome between the cats injected intravenously or subcutaneously and the latter was considered to be safer and simpler. The administration of an approximated dose of 131I proved to be an effective treatment for hyperthyroidism in 47 (94.0 per cent) of the cats and obviated the need for sophisticated nuclear computer facilities. There may be a lag period in some cases before euthyroidism is achieved and this should be considered before the administration of a second dose. 131I can be administered subcutaneously without untoward effects. |
| 1994/05
Diagnostic tests for feline hyperthyroidism |
| 1994/05
Considerations in the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism.
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| 1994/05 Update on diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism Until a clinically useful canine TSH assay is available, a valid test of thyroid hypofunction should (1) take into consideration valid (or at least predictive) measurement of the free T4 concentration in order to factor out the binding effects of drugs and nonthyroidal illness, and (2) should assess thyroid functional reserve. |
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1994/05
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism: A Comparative Evaluation Knowledge of thyroid hormone and iodide metabolism is derived from a combination of in vivo and in vitro studies in a variety of mammalian species. Each species provides a unique opportunity to investigate various aspects of normal or altered thyroid hormone physiology. This article compares thyroid hormone and iodide metabolism in dogs, cats, and humans, with emphasis on similarities and differences as well as on areas in which data are not currently available. |
| 1994/05 Surgical therapy of the thyroid The surgical treatment of thyroid cancer in the cat involves excision of one or both thyroid glands while sparing at least one parathyroid gland. The most common postoperative complication of bilateral thyroidectomy is transient hypocalcemia. Most feline thyroid tumors are benign, hyperfunctional thyroid adenomas. Surgical excision is usually curative. Canine thyroid cancer is most commonly malignant and nonfunctional. Successful surgical treatment of canine thyroid cancer depends on histologic and early diagnosis prior to metastasis or invasion of the cancer into adjacent structures within the neck. |
| 1994/05 Nuclear medicine of the thyroid gland. Scintigraphy and radioiodine therapy Nuclear medicine may have both diagnostic and therapeutic utility during the evaluation and management of thyroid disease. This article will focus on the use of radionuclide scintigraphy and radioactive iodine therapy in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease in the dog and cat. |
| 1994/05 Neurologic manifestations of thyroid disease Animals with polyneuropathy associated with primary hypothyroidism have clinical neurologic signs that range from peripheral vestibular signs, lower motor neuronal deficits, laryngeal paralysis, to megaesophagus; however, a few affected animals also show evidence of a more generalized polyneuropathy with cranial (facial more than vestibular nerve) and spinal nerves being affected most commonly. |
| 1994/05 LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF HYPERTHYROID CATS TREATED WITH IODINE-131 A long-term follow-up study of hyperthymid cats treated with iodine-131 was conducted at the Texas A&M University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Between January 1985 and December 1990, 255 cats were treated. |
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1994/05
Etiopathology of Feline Toxic Nodular Goiter The basic lesion appears to be an excessive intrinsic growth capacity of some thyroid cells. The factors enhancing the transformation of a normal thyroid into a nodular hyperfunctioning goiter over many years are still unknown. Immunological, environmental, and nutritional factors are the focus of ongoing studies, but an infectious agent can not yet be excluded. |
| 1994/05 Epidemiology of thyroid diseases of dogs and cats Data regarding the epidemiology of the thyroid diseases in companion animals are sparse. Published studies providing information regarding the epidemiology of canine hypothyroidism and thyroid neoplasia and feline hyperthyroidism are summarized. |
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1994/05
Effects of Thyroid Hormone and Thyroid Dysfunction on the Cardiovascular System Hyperthyroidism is common in the cat andc linically significant cardiovascular manifestations are common and often dramatic. Hyperdynamic systolic function and mild myocardial hypertrophy are common manifestations which may lead to overt congestive and high output heart failure. If signs of congestive heart failure or significant arrhythmias are not evident, specific therapy need only be directed toward restoration of the euthyroid state. In most cases the cardiovascular changes associated with thyroid dysfunction are completely reversible. |
| 1994/05
Reproductive manifestations of thyroid disease
Thyroid function and reproductive function have many interactions, the scope and mechanism of which are not fully understood. |
| 1994/05
Etiopathogenesis of canine hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism in dogs usually results from a progressive destruction of the thyroid, associated with either lymphocytic thyroiditis or idiopathic atrophy. Both syndromes seem to occur with approximately equal frequency. Lymphocytic thyroiditis, which resembles Hashimoto's thyroiditis in humans, is probably an autoimmune disease, and patients often show thyroid autoantibody titers in circulation. By contrast, the pathogenesis of idiopathic atrophy is unclear, and the thyroid seems simply replaced by adipose and connective tissue. |
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1994/03
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in the Serum of Hyperthyroid Cats Cats with hyperthyroidism [(increased serum thyroxine (T4)] commonly have increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in addition to other serum biochemical abnormalities. Hyperthyroid cats had increased ALP activity in bands corresponding to isoenzymes originating in the liver, bone, and an unidentified tissue source. |
| 1994/03 99mTc-pertechnetate imaging of thyroid tumors in dogs: 29 cases (1980-1992) Thyroid gland scintigraphy was performed in 29 dogs with histologically confirmed thyroid tumors. |
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1994/01
Ultrasonographic Examination of the Thyroid Gland of Hyperthyroid Cats: Comparison to 99mTc04 Scintigraphy High-resolution ultrasonography was evaluated as an alternative to 99mTcO4 scintigraphy for examining size and appearance of thyroid glands in hyperthyroid cats. This preliminary study indicates that thyroid ultrasound examination may provide information that is useful for diagnosis and treatment of feline hyperthyroidism. Although ultrasound provides accurate evaluation of the thyroid glands, it cannot replace 99mTc04- scintigraphy for screening of metastatic lesions and ectopic glands. |
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1993/12
Altered platelet indices in dogs with hypothyroidism and cats with hyperthyroidism Changes in platelet size reported in human beings with thyroid endocrinopathies also are found in animals so-affected. The pathogenesis of platelet abnormalities in animals with thyroid derangement is unclear and likely is multifactorial. |
| 1993/09/1993 The appearance of pleural effusion with sodium pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) thyroid scintigraphy. |
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1993/09
Radiographic and Scintigraphic Evidence of Focal Pulmonary Neoplasia in Three Cats With Hyperthyroidism: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations Increased radionuclide uptake in focal pulmonary lesions and cytologic evaluation of tissue obtained by fine-needle aspiration are not specific for thyroid tissue. |
| 1993/06 Treatment of feline hyperthyroidism using orally administered radioiodine: a study of 40 consecutive cases Forty cats with hyperthyroidism were treated using 200 to 300 (typically 250) MBq of orally administered 131I. Thirty-six cases (90%) were successfully treated, as assessed by resolution of clinical signs and reduction in plasma thyroxine concentrations to normal or reduced values after treatment. |
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1993/05
Influence of Systemic Nonthyroidal Illness on Serum Concentration of Thyroxine in Hyperthyroid Cats This study's results show that nonthyroidal illness can be associated with normal serum T4 concentrations in cats with apparent hyperthyroidism. |
| 1993/03 THE INSENSITIVITY OF 99mTc PERTECHNETATE FOR DETECTING METASTASES OF A FUNCTIONAL THYROID CARCINOMA IN A DOG This report describes the use of 99mtechnetium pertechnetate (99mTcO4 and 131Ifor imaging of a metastatic thyroid carcinoma in a dog. |
| 1992/10 Qualitative and Quantitative Thyroid Imaging in Feline Hyperthyroidism Using Technetium-99m as Pertechnetate Thyroid imaging using technetium-99m as pertechnetate (99mTcO4) was carried out in five healthy, euthyroid and 37 hyperthyroid cats using both pinhole and parallel-hole collimators. |
| 1992/01 Thyroid growth immunoglobulins in feline hyperthyroidism Feline hyperthyroidism bears a strong clinical and pathologic resemblance to toxic nodular goiter in humans. To evaluate whether the observed thyroid growth might be due to circulating thyroid antibodies, as has been postulated in humans, we studied the effect of purified immunoglobulin (Ig) G preparations on a rat thyroid follicular (FRTL-5) cell line. |
| 1992 Review and Comparison of Neuromuscular and Central Nervous System Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism in Cats and Humans |
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1991/12
Use of the triiodothyronine suppression test for diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in ill cats that have serum concentration of iodothyronines within normal range. Concluded that the triiodothyronine suppression test is a safe and accurate test for diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in cats with suggestive clinical signs of the disease but lacking high serum concentration of iodothyronines. |
| 1991/05 Thyroid scintigraphy in small animals |
| 1991/04 Feline hyperthyroidism |
| 1990/12/01 Radioactive iodine therapy in feline hyperthyroidism |
| 1990/12 The use of antithyroid drugs in the medical management of feline hyperthyroidism Antithyroid drugs are widely used in human medicine for the medical management of Graves' disease. Because patients with Graves' disease may undergo spontaneous remission, antithyroid drugs are preferred for long-term therapy because they do not permanently affect thyroid function. Hyperthyroidism in cats is somewhat different, in that spontaneous remission has not been reported and therefore ablative treatment (surgery or radioiodine) is often preferred. |
| 1990/11 Effect of nonthyroidal illness on serum thyroxine concentrations in cats: 494 cases (1988) We reviewed the medical records of 494 cats with a variety of nonthyroidal diseases in which serum thyroxine (T4) concentration was determined as part of diagnostic evaluation. The cats were grouped by category of disease (ie, renal disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, focal neoplasia, systemic neoplasia, hepatopathy, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory pulmonary disease, miscellaneous diseases, or undiagnosed disease), degree of illness (ie, mild, moderate, or severe), survival (ie, lived, died, or euthanatized), and presence or absence of a palpable thyroid gland. |
| 1990/09 Triiodothyronine (T3) suppression test. An aid in the diagnosis of mild hyperthyroidism in cats The purpose of this study was to develop a T3 suppression test to help in the diagnosis of mild hyperthyroidism in cats. |
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1990/09
Serum thyroxine concentrations following fixed-dose radioactive iodine treatment in hyperthyroid cats : 62 cases [1986-1989] The authors feel that radioactive iodine given at a fixed dose of 4 mCi/cat IV is an effective treatment for feline hyperthyroidism. |
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1990/07
Recurrence of hyperthyroidism after thyroidectomy in cats RECURRENCE OF HYPERTHYROIDISM occurred in 4/40 cats treated surgically by thyroidectomy. Regrowth of abnormal tissue at the site of the originally affected gland was found in 3/4. |
| 1990/03 Hypertension in cats with chronic renal failure or hyperthyroidism The Doppler ultrasonic recording technique was used to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures indirectly in 28 cats with naturally occurring renal failure, 39 cats with hyperthyroidism, and 33 clinically normal cats. |
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1989/09
Occurrence of problems after three techniques of bilateral thyroidectomy in cats The incidence of recurrence was significantly higher in cats treated with the intracapsular dissection technique than the modified intra- or extracapsular dissection techniques. |
| 1989/08 Evaluation of thyroid scintigraphy in small animals Thyroid scintigraphy in rats and mice with 99mTc and 123I was attempted to examine whether this modality might be used in small animals and to describe the possibilities of its application in examining experimentally produced thyroid diseases. |
| 1989/06 Perspectives on the diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism It is felt that over time there has been a real increase in the incidence of this disease, not simply an increase due to diagnosticians' heightened awareness of hyperthyroidism. |
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1989/05
Metabolic and endocrine myopathies of dogs and cats Metabolic and endocrine myopathies are discussed including those associated with skeletal muscle storage diseases [glycogen storage diseases, muscle triglyceride storage diseases, and mitochondrial myopathies], malignant hyperthermia, exertional rhabdomyolysis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hypoadrenocorticism, primary aldosteronism [Conn's syndrome], Nelson's syndrome, hypopituitarism, hyposomatotropism, acromegaly, primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia. |
| 1989/05 Familial predisposition in feline hyperthyroidism Thyrotoxicosis was diagnosed in three related cats, a female and her two male offspring, belonging to the same owner. |
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1989/04
Effect of glucocorticoids on thyroid function in normal cats and cats with hyperthyroidism A significant decrease in T4 levels occurred 24 hours post prednisone in the normal cats but not in the hyperthyroid cats. T4 levels were not significantly different than baseline levels at 1 and 2 weeks post methylprednisolone. |
| 1989/01 Radioactive iodine treatment of a functional thyroid carcinoma producing hyperthyroidism in a dog Radioactive iodine (131I) was used in the treatment of a 12-year-old female dog with hyperthyroidism resulting from a large, unresectable (and metastatic) thyroid carcinoma associated with signs of severe inspiratory stridor and dyspnea. |
| 1988/11 Autoantibodies in feline hyperthyroidism Thyroid autoantibodies have been demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence in the sera of 10 of 29 (34 per cent) cats with hyperthyroidism. |
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1988/08
Thyroid carcinoma causing hyperthyroidism in cats : 14 cases [1981-1986] All cats treated with high dose radioiodine therapy became euthyroid following treatment. |
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1988/07
Methimazole treatment of 262 cats with hyperthyroidism Methimazole is shown to be an efficatious therapy for hyperthyroidism in the cat requiring at least daily treatment. Adverse effects developed in 18.3% of the cats treated, usually within the first month of treatment. Adverse reactions seen included anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, facial and neck excoriations, thrombocytopenia , and hepatopathy. |
| 1988/06 Feline hyperthyroidism--a review Feline hyperthyroidism is the name given to the multisystemic manifestation of excessive concentrations of circulating thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3). The most common cause is a functional thyroid adenoma involving one or both thyroid lobes. |
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1988/06
Echocardiographic findings in 103 cats with hyperthyroidism Echocardiographic abnormalities of numerous types commonly occur in cats with hyperthyroidism but usually improve following a return to euthyroidism. |
| 1988/06 A multicompartmental model for iodide, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine metabolism in normal and spontaneously hyperthyroid cats A comprehensive multicompartmental kinetic model was developed to account for the distribution and metabolism of simultaneously injected radioactive iodide (iodide*), T3 (T3*), and T4 (T4*) in six normal and seven spontaneously hyperthyroid cats. |
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1988/02
Predictive value of tracer studies for 131I Treatment in hyperthyroid cats Tracer kinetics of radioiodine do not accurately predict post therapy radioiodine kinetics in many cats. |
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1988/01
Serial determination of thyroxine concentrations in hyperthyroid cats Although concentrations did vary, no significant variation in T4 levels was seen with time, and all T4 levels remained above normal during the study. |
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1988/01
Assessing degree of hyperthyroidism in cats Total T4 and T3 levels appear to correlate with the degree of hyperthyroidism in cats. |
| 1987/08 Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones and iodide in healthy and hyperthyroid cats The metabolic clearance rate, volume of distribution, and fractional clearance rate of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and iodide were calculated for 6 healthy and 7 hyperthyroid cats, using single-compartmental and noncompartmental methods of analysis. |
| 1987/07 Serum thyroid hormone concentrations fluctuate in cats with hyperthyroidism We measured serum thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in hyperthyroid cats (hourly for 10 hours in 14 cats, and daily for 15 days in seven cats) to assess fluctuation in thyroid hormone levels. |
| 1986/05 Serum thyroxine concentrations after radioactive iodine therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism Thirty-one cats with hyperthyroidism were given one dose of radioactive iodine (131I) IV. Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured before treatment in all cats, at 12-hour intervals after treatment in 10 cats, and at 48-hour intervals after treatment in 21 cats. |
| 1985/01 THE NORMAL FELINE THYROID Technetium Pertechnetate Imaging and Determination of Thyroid to Salivary Gland Radioactivity Ratios in 10 Normal Cats A technique for performing thyroid scintigrapy in the cat using technetium 99m pertechnetate is presented. |
| 1984/07 Feline hyperthyroidism |
| 1984/06 Autoantibodies in feline hyperthyroidism |
| 1984/03 Radioactive iodine therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism Eleven cats with hyperthyroidism were treated with radioactive iodine (131I). Previous unsuccessful treatments for hyperthyroidism included hemithyroidectomy (2 cats) and an antithyroid drug (7 cats). |
| 1984/01 RADIONUCLIDE THYROID IMAGING IN 135 CATS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM Thyroid scanning was performed in 135 hyperthyroid cats and 13 normal cats with technetium- 99m as pertechnetate (99mTc04) or with radioactive iodine (131I). |
| 1983/07 Feline hyperthyroidism: pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of 131 cases. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 131 cats during a 3 1/2-year period. The cats ranged in age from 6 to 20 years; there was no breed or sex predilection. The most frequent clinical signs included weight loss, polyphagia, increased activity, polydipsia, polyuria, and vomiting. |
| 1983/07 Assessment of Thyroid Functional Reserve in the Cat by the Thyrotropin-Stimulation Test Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations before and after various IV doses of bovine thyrotropin (TSH) were measured over a 48-hour period in 19 healthy cats. |
| 1982/01 Toxic nodular goitre in the cat |
| 1981/09 Propylthiouracil in the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism |
| 1980/07 Feline hyperthyroidism: further definition. Spontaneous hyperthyroidism resulting from toxic nodular goiter was studied in 28 cats aged 9-18 years. |
| 1980/02 Hyperthyroidism in the cat: ten cases In ten neutered crossbred cats 10 to 14 years old and of both sexes, hyperthyroidism was evidenced by hyperactivity, weight loss despite increased appetite, frequent defecation with bulky stools, thirst, polyuria, moderately elevated temperature, increased heart rate and size, sometimes with murmurs and arrhythmias, and palpable enlargement of one or both thyroid lobes. |
| 1979/09 Feline anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. An 8-year-old castrated, male, domestic short-haired cat had anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma in the thyroid gland. The cat had difficulty in breathing and swallowing because of a rapidly growing mass in the left thyroid region that partially enclosed the trachea and esophagus and had evidence of diffuse discrete interstitial pulmonary metastases. |
| 1979/07 Spontaneous hyperthyroidism in the cat. |
| 1978/ Thyroxine and triiodothyronine assays were performed on ten animals from ten different species to establish standard values. These values can now be of clinical use to assess thyroid function. |
| 1976/04 Adenomas and carcinomas of the canine and feline thyroid. |
| 1974/09 Serum thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3) uptake values in normal adult cats. |
| 1973/11 Thyroid function tests in domesticated animals: free thyroxine index. |
| 1970/04 Adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland in a cat. |
| 1964/08 An Histological Study of Thyroid Abnormalities in the Domestic Cat The thyroid gland in seventy-five cats has been examined. Abnormalities are by no means uncommon and cases of adenomas, adenomatous goitre, colloid goitre, carcinoma and amyloidosis are described. |